Broadcasting of the BBC Documentary ‘The Secret Policeman’ Essay

On Tuesday 21st October 2003, the BBCs accusative film The confidential Policeman was broadcast to approximately 5 million viewers in Britain. Mark Daly, an covert reporter had spent seven months posing as a fellow trainee at the Bruche National Training Centre in Cheshire to film an expos on racial discrimination among police recruits. The film not only provided evidence of police racism but also highlighted the stereoclassifiable mental representations of B neglect identity deep down Western ideology.In this essay I propose to ask how the British medias representation of grislys has, rather than reflecting ingenuousness, constructed it. My research predominantly focuses on evidence gathered from racial reports and theories of the 1980s until the present day and examines the development, if any, within race representation in the media. Pre-1980s case studies atomic number 18 generally omitted because of the rapid development of discussion of racial issues as a reaction t o the brutal riots of that decade. Additionally, the institutional and individual stereotyping revealed within The Secret Policeman tooshie be directly related to prevalent issues specifically within the media of the previous two decades. Controversially, I at long last aim to depict The Secret Policeman as a symbol of advancement in Black representation within Britain.The use of the term Black bastard and Nigger isnt racialistThe Secret Policemans inclusion of a clip of racist remarks by the Police Federations Representative in 1983 is an accurate reflection of the racial turmoil that Britains Institutions and communities were in. Black lawlessness was an image that prevail the Press reporting on riots from 1980 85. A predominantly Black riot against at Bristols police force in 1980 was followed by further confrontational outbreaks in 1981. The first two years of riots gained Britains (particularly young) West Indian community the reputation for being notorious for muggings, as saults and murders2 but nonetheless presented a slight initial interest into the aw arness of the underlying causes. The scale of Britains urban unrest between these years varied considerably but the term of violence after 1980 forced the political agenda to include an examination of the origins of the protests. The Press employed Brixton (1981) to highlight the need for enhanced Government economic policies As we condemn the senseless terror we also condemn the deep seated social problemswhich spawned them.From 1983 to 1985 Britains poor and predominantly West Indian and Asian neighbourhoods undergo social disturbances, as was the case in 1981. Once more, the media endorsed the riots as the criminal acts of black, inner-metropolis youths but this time they were not linked to ethnical inequality, op invokeion or socio-economic foiling but only to the Blacks position in society and their undermining of the law and cultural traditions of the minority communities themselves. The B ritish presss reaction to the prominence of riots particularly during 1985 was to free fall both generally to examine the reasons for them and specifically to consider ethnical inequality as a cause. Subjects of immigration, housing, employment, social facilities and race dealings within the civic administration that were central to the causes of the urban violence, were abandoned for crude simplifications that represented Blacks as the sole initiators of the violence. The criminal identity with which the media had labelled Blacks was not wholly fictitious. Anecdotal evidence of instigative quotes and repetition of unreliable stories would always operate within a dominant regime of truth4. Crimes involving Blacks were given disproportionate coverage that suggested a behavioural trigger that would never be suggested of Whites. Stereotyping was not the only form of racism more covertly the press would exclude or misconstrue statistics such as those that showed Blacks to be twice as likely to be out of work as their counterparts. The coverage of Tottenhams 1985 riot gave less publicity to the death of a lack woman than the ensuing disturbances in which a police constable was murdered. The policemans role as a victim totally overshadowed the mourning of the aggressor that the Black fatality was consigned to.The perspective within which coloured people are presented as ordinary members of society has become increasingly overshadowed by a word of honor perspective in which they are presented as a problem.Teun. A. Van Dijk was highly influenced by Hartmann and Husbands early study of racism in the press which concluded the above labelling of Blacks. According to Van Dijk the riots were topicalized in a style recognisable across the entire media front the event, the causes and the consequences. Contrary to using these journalistic traits to investigate all areas of the riots, Britains media manipulated it as a means of reporting on selective data. The event was described as the attacks of mobs of black youths in order to confirm the stimulus once the disturbance was over the primary definition of the cause of the riots was in terms of Black criminality in p reference work to the inner city conditions. Finally, the exoneration of Institutional Britain was enabled by the reports focus into future containment, policing and inquiries. The report pattern of Black mob, Black crime and Black prevention was typical of a whole generations instinctive approach to Black Britain. The medias reception to the 1980s riots created and regurgitated images of Black male criminals. Blacks in non-race stories were not considered newsworthy. encouragingly by the 1980s Black was on the political agenda however by 1985 it had been relegated from the social issue some commentators had perceived, via a social problem to a social evil. If the medias hegemonic reports and editorials in the 1980s were classed as a ba deposit disguised belief in White supremacy, Th e Secret Policeman strangely that that berth to Blacks is as strong straightaway as ever it was then.Im a firm believer that Pakis create racism.Most Asians carry knives.The affaire in London is, the majority of street robbery is BlackIn 1982 the Com military mission for Racial equation published the first code of traffic pattern on eliminating discrimination and promoting equal opportunities, which was speedily identified by a Daily Telegraph editorial as bossy nonsense. Arguably the code of practice was counter-productive. Attacks on anti-racist and equal rights movements were at their height during the period of 1983 to 1986, when Black became Britains pre school text for social disturbances. Resistance towards such movements was accused of stirring racial stress through excessive political correctness. For much of the press, racism was a manufactured problem of the anti-racist leftfield, found in social science research programmes, anti-racist projects and multi-cultural education. The anti-racist social acquisition process created accusations of anti-English indoctrination thus posing a bane to White elitism, dominance and control. Thatchers Institutionally right-wing Britain defined itself as a protagonist of the attacks from the left that they believed favoured special treatment of multicultural Britain. Significantly, the immediate Government response to The Secret Policeman undercover investigation was given by the home secretary David Blunkett, who criticised the BBC for their bearing to create, not report, a storyas a covert stunt to get attentionAccording to the Guardians most recent statistics, ethnic minorities make up 9% of the UKs population. In more urban areas such as Greater Manchester where The Secret Policeman was filmed, this percentage is believed to reach figures as high as 30%. However, the documentary showed Warrington police training base to consist of 118 white and one Asian recruit. Notably, Black people in are massively under-represented in Parliament. New Western societies still show many forms of institutional and everyday discrimination that David Blunkett arguably hoped to dismiss with a similar response to the 1980s critical analysis of racist exposs. Over a month before The Secret Policeman was broadcast, John Gieve, the permanent Secretary at the base of operations Office wrote to the BBC a letter that they described as unprecedented pressure to bully them into withdrawing the programme. The chief constable of Greater Manchester Police also intimidated the BBC with the threat of a Hutton-style inquiry that could destroy the BBCs relationship with the police. Mark Dalys work within the police force was cut short when arrested on suspicion of deception and damaging police property charges were dropped when embarrassingly for the police, the public were informed of the institutional racism.The Observer newspaper considered the Whitehall and police confrontation worthy of its front-page adve rtise Home Office tried to axe BBC police race expos. Headlines are carefully devised as a pithy synopsis of the story. They quickly impart experience in a way which facilitates both understanding and recall. The headlines of news reports about ethnic affairs summarize events that the medias white academics, teachers, writers and political activists define as relevant to white and black readers interests. The medias manipulation of headlines dramatized the 1980s anti-racism only to emphasise the Western ideology of Black negativity. For example the Telegraphs flagrant headline bossy nonsense clearly established the tedium felt by the author towards the issue of tackling racism. The Observers recent negative personation of institutional antagonists of anti-racism reveals a positive shift from the medias earlier resentment towards the anti-racist movements. So what is the ideological implication of the shift from 1980s resentment to the Observers stance? How is the exposure of raci sm in todays society a sign of improved race-relations? Who is to blame for todays existing racism?Is it the BBCs fault this has happened?BBC Radio One questioned both the responsibility of the police and the media in the revelation of The Secret Policeman. Radio One criticised the constable of North Wales for his reference to the hysteria related to terrorism, extremist Muslims and asylum as the rationale for increased racist views. Blaming society, it commented, was no option for police professionals who should concentrate on training and gainsay prejudice15. Is the BBCs accusation equitable or is pardoning society a means of pardoning the media to ultimately pardon itself?How we are seen determines in part how we are interact how we treat others is based on how we see them such seeing comes from representation.16Traditionally founded on Reithian ideas of independence, access and expression, the BBC aimed to inform, educate and entertain the masses. The BBC devised itself an ide ntity as the depicted object cultural institution that would represent Britains public through Britains voice. In a statement following the arrest of Mark Daly, the BBC reflected the all-purpose mission they were founded upon We believe this to be a matter of significant public interest17. The BBC, in essence, the media, is a powerful realm of social whiteness that manipulates the patterns of inter-elite communication. The ethnic minorities in Britain even today remain concentrated in relatively few areas. As a result huge numbers of the White majority rely almost exclusively on the media for knowledge of issues concerning their Black counterparts. The formations and continuance of White attitudes are therefore highly reliant upon the medias portrayal of race-relations most much found in the news. The news is an everyday routine structure, and in literal terms can be defined as a classical realist text. However, Nichols recognises that the reality of news takes precedence over the news of reality18, thus enabling it to empower, or dis-empower its subject. In these terms the subject is Black and the empowerment is total to the serious issue of Black nationhood and identity. When reality is represented, its former unequivocal status becomes ambiguous news is static but its condition is not. For example, patterns of race reporting can attach themselves to the wider subjects of Black British existence, a procedure that Sarita Malik terms leitmotif. During the 1980s riots, the Black identity was frequently referred to in terms of former race-related violence. Leitmotifs thus manipulated the reality to familiarise the White-eye with often-unrelated parables of Black anger that consequently created a distorted mis-information about the original conflict. In contrast, representing reality can be equally deceitful through a negation of context. The news according to Malik is best at representing what and why but regularly fails to recognise the socio-political reas oning behind it. In terms of race relations of the last two decades Britains media tends to focus excessively on the wider context of Black struggle yet too seldom on the social context that fuels this struggle. The BBCs decision to resist Governmental and Federal pressures and broadcast The Secret Policeman implied a positive shift in its allegiance to the White control classes. Although this documentary was yet another portrayal of the problem-orientated Black, uniquely the revolting19 and Appalling, racist revelations20 were more optimistically acknowledged as White.The television documentary is based on questions of identity that engage with the construction of relationships between subject, audience and the camera or narrator. The cinematography is used as a tool of say-so in which the spectator is lured into believing they are a observing a record of untouched and immediate reality. But reality, as clarified previously, can be more ambiguous than anticipated. In fact, the il lusion that a documentary allows the subject to speak for itself without moralising or judging is, like the news, a powerful status to possess. Documentaries are the most likely genre to directly address socio-political affairs and on the rare occasion of the medias attention to multicultural development it is most equiprobable they will be used. Unfortunately, documentaries of the 1950s were emotive, sentimental and practically vague and similarly.The 1960s gave little hope for a genre increasingly lacking in aesthesia and awareness towards the Black subject. In contrast to the pathos of the 1950s White pity toward Blacks, the 1960s employed tones of hostility, fear and conflict. Thus, the erratic history of the socialist documentary was influential and manipulative towards the enhancement of Governmental attacks that ran adjacent to the anti-racist campaigns of the 1980s. The development of light and cheap video recording equipment has made the video diary an accessible and exc eedingly popular style of documentary since the late 1990s a development that enabled the BBC to produce The Secret Policeman. Improved camera technology initiated independent film-making and in belief greater social analysis during the 1990s, but this was not the only continuity in televisions social eye. Governmental, cultural and economic forces were evolving towards todays individualistic, consumerist and multicultural society television had to keep pace. The documentary shifted from social generalisations to pluralism and for the first time society was eclipsed by individualism and lifestyle. Although the 1990s showed much resistance to an increasingly cross-cultural and mixed-race Britain, the definition of society and Britishness undoubtedly required re-examination.Isnt it good how memories dont fade? He Steven Lawrence fucking deserved it and his still and dad are a fucking pair of spongers.PC Rob Pullings acclamation of the murderers and derision of the family of black st udent Steven Lawrence shocked viewers of The Secret Policeman. Lawrences mother was particularly disheartened, stating, that, after all this time, people still held those views.22 The stereotyping of Black people as spongers or scroungers is one that was upheld and affirm during the rioting period of the 1980s. The Diasporas posed a threat to Britain as a consequence of its deficiency in resources and increasing immigration numbers. In 1968 Enoch Powell suggested a much favoured but conclusively rejected topic relatable to Thatchers new 1980s, right wing government that of repatriation. Repatriation essentially warned Blacks to behave or go home. Powell returned to his basis in the wake of the 1985 Handsworth riots to create a climate of racist opinion. Immigration had become among the most prominent Press subjects, during which, one tabloid claimed that immigrants cost the taxpayer billions of pounds. Black people were constituted as the welfare states problem that added to taxat ion through an exploitation of the White supremacist welfare state. In 1984, the News of the universe of discourse printed the headline 476 a week for waiter Abdul. The Daily Mail picked up on this story, printing a day later Jobless Abdullife of prodigality in hotelsat the taxpayers expense.24 The actuality of this story is that the 476 payment that was referred to was an inclusive sum covering the cost of housing Abdul, his wife and his six children. More interestingly, Abdul Bari was a British citizen.In 1999, six years after the Lawrence incident, Sir William Macpherson undertook a high profile investigation into the racism and discrimination in the Metropolitan Police Force.His Report coined the show institutional racism. This triggered discussions of discrimination within Britains leading institutions the police, the media, the education system and the government. Following the Lawrence enquiry huge numbers of police were forced to tackle intensive training in racial equal ity and similar, revised programmes are ongoing today. One police force in Britain sent 40 000 employees on race training days within the last year, but Pullings overt racism raises questions of the efficacy of the Home Offices topical strategy of challenging prejudice.In the concluding chapter of her book Representing Black in Britain, Sarita Malik makes a discouragingly negative, albeit honest assertion that the accepted sentiment that racist Britain is in decline is somewhat false. By this, she suggests that racism in the media, as in other public sectors, has merely been concealed. Malik proposed that truthful representations could emerge only through more diverse, aesthetically innovative and accurate portrayals of Blacks. More relevantly to The Secret Policeman, Malik highlighted the need for a rethink of the constituent parts that compose Britains media resources, employment and ultimately its national heritage. Whilst the number of Blacks and ethnic minorities on British te levision has increased dramatically particularly in urban based soaps such as Holby city and Eastenders the production teams and editors continue to favour Whites. My premise that The Secret Policemen established an interesting relationship with the development of British media was formed whilst listening to a Radio quaternary news programme. It suggested that The Secret Policeman provided hard evidence that racism had gone underground. The programme concluded that although the police understood the shoulds and shouldnts of racial procedures, impartiality was never entrenched in their hearts and minds. Consistently with my research, the social learning process of the media has potentially played a huge role in PC Pullings racist prejudices and discrimination. Racism is not innate after all it is learned. So how is it that I feel confident to propose The Secret Policeman as evidence of enhanced race-relations within the media?The role of the media is not isolated, but connected i n numerous ways to the elites in general this time it stood alone. The BBC assumed the role of the anti-racist and confronted the majority. The Secret Policeman exposed to huge public numbers, the long-standing stereotypes of the ruling-race and gave scope for investigating the origins of such beliefs. More positively the documentary received flare and drastic responses from both the public and the institutions. The Home Office immediately introduced plans for new police integrity tests and understood the need for societal change.The medias willingness to scrutinise and criticise the racism revealed in The Secret Policeman marked a complete reversal from the attacks on anti-racism evident in the 1980s. The Secret Policeman has served a distinctive purpose. It has illustrated what has long been apparent but too rarely admitted White power is dangerously flawed.BIBLIOGRAPHYFerguson, Robert. Representing Race, 1998. Arnold LondonGordon, Paul & Rosenberg, David. The Press and black peo ple in Britain, 1989. Runnymede Trust NottinghamMalik, Sarita. Representing Black in Britain, 2002. Sage LondonSolomos, John. Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain, 1989. Macmillan LondonTroyna, Barry. Public awareness and the media, 1981. Commission for Racial Equality LondonVan Dijk, Tuen A. Racism and the Press, 1991. Routledge London and New York