Organisation of the Body: An Overview of Cell Types

presidency of the Body An Overview of Cell Types1.1) Light microscopes can magnify an object to be seen 400-1000 times. Microscopes that book negatron can magnify up to dickens zillion times. This eachows scientists to see things in more than de buns such as electric carrellphones, this bequeath has given doctors and scientists more understanding and function. Light microscopes use a viewable conflagrate that bends and passes th bowelless with(predicate) the lens. negatron microscopes use a re of negatrons for light magnification. Electron microscopes eitherow taller magnification comp atomic number 18d to a light microscope, this because al wiped out(p)s a vision in internal anatomical social organization. Electron is the division having a negative charge and and so orbiting the shopping center, the full bear witness of electrons in the film director of electricity. Resolution is in which a emblem can be recorded, or produced. This is often expressed in per unit of measurement. To calculate the aloofness of an object that has been magnified. You m some separate the length of the object equals the length of the object after it has been magnified at that placefore divide by the magnification. Electron microscopes can be very expensive. They wish a constant supply of voltage, this then needs to be eer stable, monitored and maintained through discover. This machine is man do and can restrain errors. precisely skilled people whitethorn use it, without these pro cations the reading may not be accurate.2.1) The booth wall is located in and somewhat the plasma membranes of different types of jail cells. Cell wall function is to support encourage and allow urine supply, carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out of the cell. Plants have cell walls while creature cells do not. Cell walls atomic number 18 make up of carbohydrates, they give meet upon to the cell. They help corrects keep there shape and allow them to stan d straight. The cell wall provides protection against pathogens and other substances that maybe offensive to the cell.The cell membrane is inside the cell wall. In a animal it is in the outer class and supports and gives protection, as well as controls driving force of seculars in and out of the cell. It is also a barrier between the cell and the cells environment and also maintains homeostasis.The cell nucleus is located in all cells except prokayotes. The shape is large and oval. The nucleus contains one or sometimes more nucleoli and holds DNA. The nucleus controls the activities in the cell and also contains hereditary material located in the cell.The cytoplasm is located in all cells. It is a clear change integrity material. The cytoplasm holds organelles in the cell in place. The cytoplasm has three components, the organelles, cytosol and cytoplasmatic inclusions. The cytosol is in part of the cytoplasm, it contains cytoskeleton, molecules salt and water. Organelles b e small in structure. They cause a variety of functions.Endoplasmic is in all cells except prukaryoles. It connects to the nuclear envelope and cell membrane. It also carries materials through the cell. This also helps to make proteins. Some of the functions of the endoplasmic atomic number 18 mechanical support, the revel and function of the synthesis, this is especially the enchant of proteins.The ribosomes is contained in all cells. The ribosomes synthesizes proteins that depart be apply inside the cell. Ribosomes are anchor in the reticulum and can be frame around in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are ac expectable for making and assembling acids and proteins. Ribosomes will be found in the cytoplasm of the cell. The proteins they make will function in the cytosol, they are then roleplayd outside the cell and included in the cells membranes.3.1) Membrane structure is located in all cells. In plants it is inside the cell wall, in animals it is in the outer layer wall. Most o f the cell membrane structure is made up of proteins and phospholipids. The cell membrane structure is not solid. The cell membrane structure gives support and a barrier between the cell and stricklement. The membrane structure holds everything in notwithstanding also keeps any pestilential things out.3.2) Diffusion is the spreading of different particles of gas, substance or a solution. The act is the movement of particles, the higher(prenominal) the temperature the faster the particles will move, then the faster the distribution will take place. Osmosis happens when two solutions are separated this is the movement of water from one area of high to an area of low water crosswise a membrane (semi-permeable). Permeable membranes will let water through but other solution such as sugar cannot flow through freely. The active energy uses energy to move different substances in and out of cells. Active change is important in the kidneys for keeping a hold of different substances neede d by the soundbox. These substances are glucose and ions.4.1) There are four types of wavers in the human bole, epithelial, association, nervous, and muscle.4.2) Epithelial tissue protects the human organic structure from moisture loss, bacteria and internal injury. There are two types of epithelial tissue in the human soundbox, one covers all the internal and the other international body approachs and also the outer layer of your sputter, the lymph vessels and digestive tract. glandular epithelial also produces hormones and other products such as, sweat, saliva, stomach acid and milk. affiliatedness tissue holds structures unneurotic, the loose connective tissue holds the outer layer of skin and the under layer of muscle tissue. This tissue is also found in lymph nodes, fat layers and red bone marrow. The nervous tissue physiques the nervous system. This is responsible for all the movements of the body though its network of bosoms. It can bring on the fight or flight response to the body. This response is a excerpt technique enabling people to react quickly to pain and other life threatening situations. The nervous system is the brain, spinal cord and sensational organs, these restiveness consist with these two parts of the body. Neurons are the structural unit of the nervous system. They communicate at heart the body by transporting signals. There are three types of neurons, sensory nerve neurons are sensory(a) neurons. They transport sensory signals to the sensory nervous system from other receptors in the human body. Efferent neurons are known as motor neurons and transmit signals from the muscles and glands. Inter neurons stock within the central nervous system to relay nurture received from the afferent neurons and direct the function of the body through effect information, in other words they work together. pass tissue forms over the skeleton and is disposed to swot up and causes movement within the human body. Cardiac muscle is make and located in the heart. Smooth muscle is located in the walls of the crinkle vessels, it is also located and found in the digestive and urogenital tracts.5.1) Cells that associate together are not identical but work together to accomplish different functions for the human body. All living things are made up of cells. One cell makes a form of tissue. Nerve cells will form nerve tissue, sweat glands form sweat gland tissue. shin tissue is made of hair tissue oil and sweat tissue, they all have cells that form from this and are all working together to form the skin. The human body is made of cells, which then form tissue, which then form organs all working together because without this the body would not work. sacred scripture count 1210Claire RichardsonBibliographyla.a.2.2.1.4.1. (2001-2003). The making of an organ. unattached www.beaconlearningcentre.com/1966. Last accessed 29 July 2014.BBC teachers. (aqa science). Tissues organs in animals.Available gcse bite size. Last accessed 29 July 2014.1.1)Comparing light and electron microscopes.descriptionusageLight microscopeUses radiation, in the form of light and electron beams. This forms a larger and more detailed image to the human eye. rear be used for looking at specimens. Immediate image. Lower resolution. sewer measure living processes taking place, eg cell division. Magnification x1000 to x 2000 image and quality..Light microscopes are smaller and lighter and easier to move. Less expensive, wavelength 400-700nm. Wavelength 1nm. The light is via tripe lenses. Images can be viewed directly. Eyepiece to use is projector lenses. Source used is light.Electron microscopeUses radiation, in the form of light or electron beams. Uses beams of electrons instead of rays of macroscopical light. Forms highly magnified images of areas materials and biological specimens. Immediate image. Higher resolution in measuring smaller images. Not possible to view and living material due to a vacuum inside the electro n microscope. Magnification x 100,000 sem to tem x 250,000.Two types of electron microscope transmission electron microscope, and scanning electron microscope. Form larger images used that the human eye would not see. Techniques used staining, mounting, and slicing. Cost is expensive to run. Use electromagnet(magnetic projector). Effective wavelength 1 nm.2.1)Organelle go away of the organellechromatinIs a combination of DNA and other proteins that make up the chrmosomes. Found in nuclear envelope of the eukaryotic cells. The chromosomes are made when there is cell division. Chromatin is in the nucleus of the cell.ribosome situated in the cytoplasm. Make proteins that is used in the cell. Others are found in the enoplasmic reticulum.Endoplasmic recticulum(rough)Endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane that is found in animal cells and plant cells but not in prokaryotic cells. Responsible for transporting proteins and carbohydrates to other organelles. The surface of rough endoplasmic ret iculum is with the protein making ribosome, which gives the appearance of a rough surface. It is called rough because it is studded with ribosomes..Endoplasmic recticulum(smooth)The smooth is a production of metaolism of fats, and steroid hormones. It is also connected with some slippery fatsLymosomeContains digestive enzymes, break down material that enters the cell. let on down components, bacteria and other materials. Enzymes are strong and can destrong cell function if released. Remain in the cell within lysosomes membrane to close out this.Golgi apparatusThis sorts out packaging of proteins for secretion, and also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell. Also the creation of lysosomes.FlagellaThe flagella is the censory of the organelle. Checks chemical balances and temperature outside the cell. Found in prokaryptic and eukaryotic cells.MitrochondriaOrganelles that break down nutrients and creates energy for the cell. Creating cell energy, cellular respiration, a kin(predicate) to the digestive system. Mitochondria are small in size organelles.NucleusThe nucleus creates and regulates cell activity, controls enzymes that are in the cell. Nucleus is found in the eukaryotic cells, contains cells genetics, DNA molecules, in proteins to form chromosomes.4.2)Red blood cells are found in bone marrow. All blood cells come from bone marrow and form stem cells. Stem cells are found to be imortal, which office they will never die. Not until the human body does. Erythrocytes are also called red blood cells. There function is to help move and transport oxygen in the blood. They are round in shape but are more like disks. Erythrocytes are flexible and have a membrane, this then allows them to move through capillaries. Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen, they then loose nucleus and organelles, then develop in bone marrow. ciliated epithelial are hairs that sit on top of tissue. They move support and forth and help move things such as mucleu s. They are found in the lining of the respitory, where the lungs is. They are also found in the fallopian tubes in women. This tissue contains mucous to help your body act against and move bacteria such as a cold out of the body. Cililated epithelium has cells called chalice cells without this harmful bacteria would stay in the body and cause you to be very sick. A sperm cell looks like a tadpole. The tadpole has a head, tail and neck. The head provides information in the nucleus and the tail makes peopulsion. The head is flat and measures five micrometers long and three micrometres wide. The neck has two features nuceus and the actrosome. The head contains a mebrane that acts in penetrating the young-bearing(prenominal) egg. The sperm penetrates the female egg, and produces material that is genetic and reaches the ovum. The neck measures one micrometer in length and contains spermatozoon and also two of centrioles which are needed in cell division.3.1)Composition is the ingredie nts in what is made up in the cell as a whole. The cell membrane or lipid bi-layer is the outer layer of a cell, all cells have a membrane and this separates a cell from the environment around them. The cell membrane acts as a concur to inspect what it allows in the cell and what leaves the cell. The cell internal structure is made up of proteins and lipids, depending where in the body the location of the cell is. Lipids help the cell in its flexibility and shape, proteins help in the cells transfer of molecules across the membrane. sensory receptor proteins in the cell help communicate with other things outside of the cell, this happens through neurotransmitters and hormones.3.2)Diffusion is water molecules moving from one area of high water to areas of very low water. Osmosis is the movement of molecules through a membrane of high water to a low water of concentration. Active transport is the movement of molecules across the membrane into the high concentration, this is done by and assisted by enzymes and requires energy to do thisDiffusionOsmosisActive transportPassive transportWater molecules moving from one area of high water to low water concentration.Moves molecules through a membrane of high water to a low water concentration.Moves molecules across the membrane into high concentration development enzymes and energy.The movement of chemicals across a cell membrane. Irons to a higher concentration to a lower concentration.Does not require energy to move molecules from one flush to another point.Does not require energy to move molecules from one point to another point.Requires energy to move molecules from one point to another point.Does not require energy to move molecules from one point to another point.4.1)The nervous tissue have two main cells neuroglia and neurons. The neuroglia have functions that support the nerve cells but they do not transmit pulses. Neurons are nerve cells and are very sensitive to estrus and cold, dark and light. They tra nsmit electric nerves and information around the body. musclebuilder tissue have three types of tissue, cardiac skeletal and smooth muscles. Muscle helps with perambulator, and support. Smooth muscle tissue controls movement in the human body and contracts with other tissue in the intestines and stomach. Skeletal tissue help in the movement of bones such as hips and radiocarpal joints, this is enclosed in connective tissue(epimysium). The epithelial tissue covers the whole of the body. It is made of cells with one or more layers. It covers all external and internal layers.Types of tissueStructure and function of tissueNerve tissueHave two cells neurolia and neurons. Have functions that support nerve cells but do not transmit pulses. Neurons sensitive to heat, and cold. Dark and light.transmit signals and information around the body.Muscle tissueThree types of tissue cardiac, skeletal and smooth. Helps with posture and support, controls movement, contracts with other tissues.Connec tive tissueProvides movement in bones that is bewilder in connective tissue.Epithelial tissueCovers all the body, made up of cells that have one or more layers. Covers all internal and external layers.5.1) The human body consists of the head and skull which also contains the brain. The pharynx is in the throat, the larynx is at the back of the mouth, the lympth nodes are in the neck, the heart is in the snapper of the chest wall. The lungs are behind the ribs, there is arteries in the arms and there is muscle near the skeleton. The spleen is above the stomach, each organ is cogitate to another organ and they all work together for the human body to work. The brain sends signals to different parts of the body for them to work. Without these signals you could not function. If the brain is exsanguine the rest of the body does not work.The human hand provide the body with support to move objects in many ways. Each hand has twenty seven different bones and ligaments. The hand join on to the wrist and provide flexible movement and wrist action. The hand is also coverd with skin. The nerves are extended into the palm. There are eight carpal bones in the wrist that are bound. The hand is used for movement and check up abjects. The hand provides the body with a lot of support.Claire RichardsonWord count 2765Bibliographynner body. (1999-2013). Hand and wrist.Available page 1. Last accessed 30 july 2014.nner body. (1999-2013).Hand and wrist.Available page 1. Last accessed 30 july 2014. microscope resolution. (2001-2003).human biology.Available compound microscopes. Last accessed 29 july 2014.