Components of Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Components of - query Proposal ExampleComponents of Research ProposalThis paper, thus, aims to discuss research proposals and their components, in order to equip the reader with at least an humor pertaining to how to write a research proposal. Discussion A research proposal defined is a account of intent to explore a subject or topic, and following is a detailed plan for this exploration. A student seeks the help of more experienced people, such as their faculty professors for supervision of their research, as wholesome as guidance. For this reason, the students must ensure that the research proposal they prep are is useful, as well as acceptable, and feasible, for all(prenominal) person involved (Kolb, 2008). unmatched can consider a investigator to be a voyager on the path to discovery, where the proposal is the star that guides their journey and help them avoid fault turns. A few inbred sections are needed in every research proposal in order to be complete, early(a) than the title page, abstract and table of contents. These are Introduction When one embarks on the task of exploring something, it always helps to get going with a vague yet much needed translation of what the research question actually is. This description is a brief statement of the reason for interest in the topic, and the ordinary nature of the concern. There are several possibilities for the themes, which the introduction can ache (Ethridge, 2004). It may describe a person or coalition, which raises an edit out for the researcher such as change in law affecting taxation in municipalities. former(a) than this, the topic may just be one that is a subject of interest of concern for the researcher, for which thither is not enough information available. Finally, the topic may be related to something that provokes the researchers curiosity, like wanting to slam what the conflicting opinions of citizens about health policies in a certain area (Ethridge, 2004). The proposal must go o n to turn this general concept into a specific research question, which reveals the authors area of focus and the assumption it plans to test (Kolb, 2008). The question should be one that challenges or explores a concept, and one that the researcher cannot yet answer. One way of narrowing the proposal down to one such question is to first draft a proposal with several questions, and then specify the line of inquiry. Objectives & Rationale In the objectives, the researcher states their aims from the research, and the specific and general goals it has. The rationale of the proposal (Jansen, 1997) brings forward the problems one can expect from the research, and any limitations that the researchers leave alone face during it. It discusses these magical spell keeping in focus the main purpose for wanting to conduct the research, the rationale. Research Statement Here, the researcher will state the research question mentioned above, with brevity and clarity. They will also mention the ir intentions in the research, and the achievements they have planned. The thesis of the paper, which will follow later on, will revolve around this question. Theoretical Framework (Literature Review) The writings review of the paper will consist of a heavy amount of research, from formal and scholarly sources. This will consist of information both theoretical and empirical. This information will be required to present an stock in light of the question, whether by purporting it or opposing it, in order to build a clearer instinct of the topic (Ethridge, 2004).

The Aviator Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The circular - Movie Review ExampleThis article is a review of the movie looking into the themes, character, style and narratives.The cultivation presented in this article is obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary source is through watching the films and stressful it analyze the characters and finding step to the fore the themes. The secondary sources are the reviews that have been conducted by various authors on the movie. distinct reviewers have given their views on the style and the representation of characters in the film. These sources were used to get the plot of the falsehood and style used. The narrative style together with other techniques of film making is explored. The characters were then analyzed against distributively other (Marrett, 195). The different themes are then explored and the role each character played in the actualisation of these themes discussed.The movie starts when Hunges is a young boy where his mother tells him to take caut ion not to get a flue. Then in the year 1927, Hunges inherits his family fortune in California. He uses this fortune to design oil drill bits a venture that made him a billionaire. Later when he was 22, he decided to invest in the film industry an area where he had a huge interest in. His first film was the dumb Hells Angel which he works very hard to ensure that it turns out perfectly. His next film had somewhat talking and was called The Jazz Singer. During this time, he also produced a sound version of the Hells Angel which became a major(ip) Hollywood hit. This was a key to entry into the Hollywood social ne dickensrk and he dated two Hollywood stars Jean Harlow and Katharine Hepburn. However, he did not quite fit into Hollywood and he decided to go back to designing aircrafts. He made new design and even risked his life trying out new aircrafts and flying around the globe. He even got into an accident over Beverly Hills when taking XF-11 for a see flight. He got major injur ies that

Social Work Theory & Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

hearty Work Theory & Practice - Essay ExampleThe concern of the State to utilize medical facilities to mince bad behaviour (in the absence of formal evidence of psychosis) continued in the twentieth century (Rogers and Pilgrim, 2005).In Scotland this is a major undertaking by political relation. Mental health law is about securing benefits for, and protecting the rights of, sight with a mental put out. Its primary objective is to make sure people with a mental disorder can receive effective assistance and treatment (Scottish Executive, 2003). This highlights the fact that the government and its policies are geared towards the care for the mentally aberrant.The new legislation dealing with mental health lays the foundation for government to act in dealing with those who are mentally troubled. In fact, the new legislation is Scotland establishes principles upon which government measures are to be found on.What are unique in the current law is the new mechanisms it puts into plac e. These new measures better empower the verbalise in dealing with this social concern. An example of this is when the law sets out principles relating to the way in which the function mustiness be discharged. These require the person discharging the function to do so in a way, which involves the minimum obstruction on the freedom of the patient (Scottish Executive, 2003).The current policies also clarify and refine the role and duty of government with regards to mental health. The new Mental Health law in Scotland allows for the removal to a place of guard of a person who is exposed to ill-treatment or neglect or who is unable to look after(prenominal) himself or his property/financial affairs. It further allows for a person to be removed from a worldly concern place to a place of safety where it is in the interests of that person or where it is necessary to protect otherwise people (Scottish Executive, 2003).This descriptively lays down the scenario when the state should ac t and for what

Greek Microsoft Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Greek Microsoft - Case Study ExampleHe/she will be responsible for the AntiPiracy memorial tablet to maximize efficiency of AntiPiracy programs externally throughout customer segments and Resellers channel & internally for all employees driving AntiPiracy command and readiness campaigns (eg. what is Intellectual Property (IP), SW Asset management (SAM) etc). In addition, for building an external, cross-industry coalition and managing relationships with one-third party influentials to maximize the impact that we have on government engagement efforts targeting local and foreign influencers to storm piracy.Ten geezerhood ago the specific sub was rather small (30 employees). The General Manager was the attraction and followed all Microsoft guidelines for personnel and management. This sub was particularly important for the sum East Africa region at that placefore there was an interest from the headquarters for the subs profits and sales turnover.After a major reengineering the su b moved to the EMEA (Europe Middle East Africa) region and its importance was significantly reduced.The Antipiracy Managers side lost its importance since it became a subordinate of olive-sized and Medium Enterprises Manager (SME) instead of the General Manager as it was before.The work environment, prior to the move to EMEA, was satisfied and employees felt they had initiative and their efforts were rewarded accordingly.When the sub moved to EMEA, a new General Manager took over the position as the old one resigned. The new GM did not have any acquire of the parcel industry (his experience was in Digital, PC hardware) and his leadership style was different. He made his decisions based only if on his Direct Reports feedback without cross checking the info he had and without having first hand experience. This fact plus his non package experience created a very negative work environment. Employees performance appraisal was based on their candid or bad working relationships wit h the managers and not on objective and measurable criteria. People started playing political relation instead of being productive. As a result, the sales turnover of the sub, after having seven consecutive years increase, was reduced significantly.The new GM was fired after having only two years work experience at the sub.Brief analysis of the theory of worked up intelligence and the role of a positive environment.D. Goleman (2000) defines Emotional Intelligence as the ability to recognize our own feelings as well as the feelings of others, to create motives for ourselves and to process correctly our feelings and our

Your personal reflections discuss the challenges, problems and Essay

Your personal reflections discuss the challenges, problems and conflicts that may occur in aggroups, Are groups more than effective decision makers and problem solvers than mortals - Essay ExampleHowever, working with individual eliminates the possibility of collision of galore(postnominal) ideas which ultimately stems into chaos.I had a great time with my team members who belong to diametrical cultures and country as a whole. Two of the team members are from Qatar others are from Egypt, Chad and China. Through this session of team work I have identified the characteristics of each team member and have studied them properly. The exhibition is expected to be successful since each and every team members have the capability to deal with any difficulty or unforeseen situation. The effectiveness of their decision making is high since all of them give their ideas and collectively reach a certain decision which is likely to be successful. The essay highlights my perception and experie nce during the preparation of the exhibition with my team members (Ahuja, 2006).I have observed that people often forms a group to accomplish some only they may not work together too. However, if they work together they are called a team. A team can be referred as a group of people who first organize themselves for working hand in glove towards a single objective which is set by them. However, according to my perception effective teams cannot be created automatically. on that point are people in a team who pass through a phase of rationality and cohesion at the same time before they are able to do some efficacious work and take a critical decision (Ahuja, 2006).During preparation of the exhibition my team is formed by taking the most efficient members who can contribute positively towards the attainment of the goal. The team members are individual researchers who have helped in doing researches about the main topic of the exhibition and share their understanding regarding the sa me. It is very of import for me to understand the development of the team since each and every member have different potency and different bent of mind which guards their morality and

Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sustainability - Essay ExampleA second reason was the outline could become a guide to encourage infrastructure investment. A trinity reason was to encourage nature conservation by. Lastly the process could help encourage new entrants into tourism rather than into sectors which could destroy the long destination prospects of tourism.The second section deals with what a sustainable tourism schema is and how it differs from a conventional tourism plan. Conventional plans more closely resemble traditional marketing plans as it is designed to increase visitor numbers, turnover etc. through community resources. Sustainable tourism plans depone on wider regional analysis whose hallmarks include analysis of current tourism assets and future tourism organic evolution and a discussion of how tourism could be used for social benefits and probably most importantly strategies should be long term in their approach.The next section identifies how these strategies are produced. Firstly the str ategy makers should have a number of objectives in the tourism, economic, ecological, and social sectors. Secondly, consultation with affected parties should be wide ranging and strategies should be an evolving/long term enterprise.In this regard the focus of this paper was wide ranging. It was a well laid out furrow which identifies what the problem is, why strategy formulation should be paramount, how the strategy should be developed and the effect that strategy formulation has had in real world experiences. The only critique would be that in order to honor the importance of strategy development, perhaps examples of how not adhering to this sort of strategy should produce negative

Management Information system (journal) Research Paper - 1

Management Information system (journal) - Research Paper ExampleCommunication, however, back be based on wire basel or wireless, whereby wire basel includes coaxial, fiber optic and twisted pairs, bit wireless includes sat., mic., cell phone, radio. In networking, protocol includes TCP, HTTP, Bluetooth and USB.System development, on the other hand, can either be long term or short term depending on the nature of the project. In developing a system, there are certain notes that must be followed for it to be a success. The foremost smell is the formation of a team that will go through the whole process. This step is then followed by system analysis followed by a feasibility study, a study which analyzes the practicability of the project in various capacities. System design then follows next, which includes buy, lease, outsource and build. This is closely followed by a significant step of coding and testing. User stage then follows whereby the system is tested, documented, training conducted and implementation plan developed. Lastly, operation nutriment and audit comes into play, which marks the last stage of system

Distributed Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Distributed Systems - Essay ExampleIt comprises of a substance and skeleton severally at the node and server side respectively, wherein the stub is an object implementing the same port as that of the remote object. The stub implementation is not the real one, which means it acts as a proxy. In fact, a Stub is a invitee side object but maintains a reference to the unquestionable server side object. The reference maintained by the stub is the virtual reference which is by meshwork connections for which the relevant resources are provided by the RMI runtime environment which is responsible for establishing socket connections with the other end. The request of the client sent through the network connections, are received by the server side Skeleton, which exercises the opposite operation as make by the Stub (unmarshalling) and services the request which again is de-serialized by the stub.6) The relevant data required to perform the method invocation will also be sent along the r equest in a network representable format. The transportable format is known as marshaling. RMI implements marshaling through serialization feature of the chocolate language. Both the ends are in coffee bean Serialization.1) The major drawback it holds is that, RMI only works where both server and client side programs are implemented in the same language that is JAVA. It wont support the implementation in any other language.CORBA is an abbreviation... RMI implements marshaling through serialization feature of the java language. Both the ends are in java Serialization.7) It mainly supports object-by-value.8) It relies on naming service for the distribution of stubs over the network which is analogous to the telephone directory, where it associates a unique name to the object, given by us.Disadvantages1) The major drawback it holds is that, RMI only works where both server and client side programs are implemented in the same language that is JAVA. It wont support the implementation i n any other language.2) Since it implements RPC style, the client is blocked till the procedure returns. This style of communication is synchronous by nature.3) Java call semantics are changed so that thread identity is not maintained. 4) An high end practical application can become slow if the implementation involves RMI.5) There are limited development tools. 6) Clients need plan of attack to the latest stubs as more and more functionalities are incorporated.CORBA CORBA is an abbreviation for Common Object Request Architecture. It is a specification for developing distributed application which is object oriented and language independent. CORBA provides interoperability between various platforms. Since the choice of a Operation System is not going to make any difference. The heart of CORBA application is a raise of software infrastructure ORB (Object Request Broker). ORB provides a communication bus for applications to interact with each other. Its a piece of software infrastruc ture given by vendors where from jdk1.2 onwards the java API for CORBA is known as JavaIDL. CORBA allows us to invoke remote operations as if they are local methods. This is possible due to the organism of a proxy which we call as stub in the CORBA

Liberal States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

unsubtle States - Essay ExampleLiberalism is a political belief that believes protection of freedom of citizens of either country is the main problem of a government and generally advocates for equivalence among all citizens. In liberal states, the support of ideas such as freedom of religion, freedom of press, fair and crystalline elections and other civil rights is usually very plebeian since the people are normally aware of their rights. Liberal states though they exhibit some variations in some political ideologies they usually exhibit a common belief on the fight for freedom and rights of their citizens.Liberalism carries a hotshot of international sense of prudence, which enables them to restrain from contend with one another since they have the same system of international relations and ideologies. This kind of self-restriction among the liberal states has enabled some such states not to engage in wars since it does not seem logical for them to engage in any form of f ighting and if agitated to do so they have the ability to restrain from the urge (Sandel 175). However, this sense of prudence only seems to be practical among liberal states only since when non-liberal states attack the liberal ones it has usually resulted in war. The reason advocated by the liberal states for their act of intolerance to their non-liberal counterparts is that it is prudent to attack since they are defending themselves.

Joseph Nathan Oliver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Joseph Nathan Oliver - Essay ExampleThese instruments involve cornet and trumpet for melody input, trombone, percussion, and tuba for meter in practice of medicine. Also, used is the clarinet for counterpoint production, drums, contrabass, piano, guitar, and banjo, and later saxophones. close of these were obtained from the military band (Gushee 45). Jazz music formed a uniting point for all races, as people play it from all races in the world. Joe worked with and transformed a number of marching band groups. Examples of much(prenominal) include the Kid Ory, Bill Johnsons master Creole Orchestra, The onward Brass band, the Olympia, the eagle band, and the original superior. He also founded King Olivers Creole Jazz Band where he invited Louis Armstrong and others like Lil Hardin, knot Dodds, Baby Dodds, and Honore Dutrey. After their breakup, Oliver King went on to belong to other bands, like Dave Peytons band which he renamed Dixie Syncopators (Gushee 260). Oliver king was kno wn for his expertise in the cornet playing as aforementioned. He was brocaded in New Orleans, which was recognized for its musical vibrancy. This jazz musician produced hot jazz sounds, as his music came to be referred to later. In jazz music, Oliver King was famed for using mutes, derbies, cups, and bottles to modify the sound of his cornet. His style was that of producing rhythm that was four square and a melody that was clipped. This made him unique since the other cornetists, including Louis Armstrong, played an irregularly so contrasting them. In addition to this, Oliver king was also famous for the production of a wild commence of sounds from his horn. His public presentation in Wa Wa Wa and the styles he used to enhance such performance gave rise to the wa-wa effect in Jazz music, which further assisted in making him stand come out of the closet from among other cornetists and other jazz musicians (Gushee 262). He acted as Louis Armstrongs mentor, who, later rises to fame and is still known in the jazz world. After the breakup of King Oliver Jazz Band, Joe went ahead to produce two duets with Jelly enfold Morton, a pianist. The duets were King Porter and Tom Cat, both with Piano accompaniment. Apart from playing the cornet and mental institution bands, Oliver King also wrote music for his bands. Some of the music he wrote include, Sweet like this, Dippermouth Blues posit Jazz and Canal Street blues. Olivers Dippermouth blues is without a doubt one of the most renowned and memorable performance by the fallen king. Both Oliver king and Louis Armstrong composed this piece while they were in King Olivers Creole Jazz Band. The two were on the cornets while William Johnson played the banjo Baby Dodds played the drums and Honore Dutrey played the trombone. The clarinetist was Johnny Dodds while Lil Hardin played the piano. This piece was recorded in 1923, in Richmond, inch (Gushee 263). Dippermouth blues starts with a four- bar lead that is diminished , which, progresses to a meandering ride over the hills, of two chorus. An ostinato locomote of one bar guides all this. There is a repetitive function of all the parts of the instruments, including the trombone and the clarinet, which offers reward for the lead cornet. This is proceeded by a stop time solo of the clarinet. After another ensemble, Olivers courage is displayed as he plays a three chorus muted cornet solo. Together with the band, Oliver king presents a moving show that demands attention. In fact, his

Goal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Goal statement - Essay guinea pigInterdependent when it involves endurings plan of c ar development, working together with the doctors, therapists, patient and patients family, and coordinating the patient care performed by other members of an interdisciplinary health care team. Their roles are defined as unconditional when it is the nurses that are involved exclusively in the care of the patient. The nursing profession is guided by honorable standards set by bodies such as the American nursing association that rates how efficient the nurses are in identifying the patients source of pain ad bringing that patient relief (Hogan Et al, 2014). How in effect are the nurses communicating with the patients doctors, family, and the patient in acting as a link up between the patient and all those around him? How effectively are the nurses meeting the patients aflame requirements, as care is a wholesome approach? How well are the caregivers responding to the needs of the concerned family such as strain, stress?The main reasons for seeking advance sociality preparation in the nursing profession take on career advancement. The goal of the nurse may be to join other leaders in the realms of the concealment administration of a facility. Obtaining an advanced degree is essential in reaching your professional goal inside the upper levels of nursing management. The other reason is salary increment. Irrespective of the field of choice or the geographical region of ones practice, advanced strong suit preparation, guarantees the nurse some increase in benefits and allowances enjoyed. The nurse enjoys more tractability this is because the nurse may choose whether to operate a full cadence or part time work schedule. The chances of autonomy are significantly increased once one take an advanced specialty course because the nurse is in a position to establish their independent practice (Hogan Et al, 2014).The reasons for choosing to specialize in

Financial Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

fiscal intend - Essay fontThe role of three companies, like Colonial First State Investments Limited and Professional Investment serve Pty Ltd related to provide financial planning services has been sorted out in the assigned study.The of Financial planning in Australia begun in the years 80s, as during those years there were no Financial Planners as they were not existing then. This occurred due to the fact that as there was no prerequisites for the clients within the Marketplace to modify them get efficient financial advice. It was only network of insurance that existed during that period under review. The Financial Planning Association of Australia (FPA) is the peak professional body for Australias financial planners, representing approximately 12,000 individuals and businesses (The Financial Planning Association of Australia (FPA). However, (Cowen, Blair, Taylor, 2006, p 4) reveals that In the early 1980s, a leading Australian financial planning industry stalwart Gwen Fletche r visited the unite States intent on pursuing discussions with the U.S. industry association, the International Association for Financial Planning (IAFP). These discussions related to the man of either a new industry body for Australia or the establishment of an affiliated chapter of the IAFP. At a later meeting of dealers conducted by the Department of Corporate Affairs (the then-regulatory body issuing licenses to dealers of securities), the affiliation posture was proposed but rejected. However, a new industry body consisting of an elite group of independent advisors was formed, the Association of self-reliant Professional Advisors (AIPA). It is important to note that this group excluded all banks and insurance companies from membership. Additionally, following the International conclave of IAFP held in Australia in the years 1982 and 1984 respectively, Australian IAFP was officially launched. (Cowen, Blair, Taylor, 2006, p 4) states that after the launching, The IAFP in Aus tralia was to be an give forum for individuals, dealers and fund managers alike. Following U.S. IAFP requirements, the newly formed Australian association sought and was granted a license for the CFP designation and subsequently established the Diploma of Financial Planning (DFP) course. This necessitated strong collaboration mingled with the United States and Australian bodies with the College of Financial Planning in the United States providing much of the DFP educational materials and resources. The US IAFP oversaw and most monitored the development of educational standards to ensure that the Australian DFP met the educational requirements for the CFP designation. This involved an ongoing process of quality effrontery by the U.S. body. It is estimated that there are about 5,500 financial planning practices in

The Meaning of the Patriotism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Meaning of the Patriotism - Essay ExampleThere is a close partnership of nationalism with nationalism however, the difference between the two is pretty much clear and open to all. This agency that a mans love and commitment towards a nation is not limited to solely the area of land which he calls it his homeland rather the aspect of patriotism is much more(prenominal) than what is imagined. It is sure a rule which needs to be connected with his thinking and patriotic individual always corpse loyal to his country. It is a fact that the aspect of patriotism has remained different in a number of most-valuable ways. It is considered in different meanings and tones all over the world but the basic meaning is similar to everything. It is the stick by of love or attachment that one has with his own country. Socially this concept has also had different consequences and meanings in the background of various movements, wars and where patriotism could change the way in which these ev ents have been started. Patriotic movements usually lowest for a longer period of time since these aim to get the rights which have been denied. Thus patriotism is something more of a trend than anything else if seen broadly. The societal connotation of patriotism is somewhat close to what is noticed for nationalism even so the difference as stated above is there. However, the society keeps a strict check on the levels of patriotism which usually do not change every now and then.

Cultural diversity in human resource management within hospitality Essay

ethnical diversity in human resource management within hospitality industries - Essay ExampleThe publications published on the particular issue is explored. It seems that the forms of cultural diversity as part of the HRM in hospitality industry can be differentiated across firms in accordance with the local social and cultural principles the ethics of each organization in regard to this issue have also an important mathematical function in choosing the HRM strategies of firms operating in the hospitality industry. The aspects of HRM in three major organizations in the hospitality industry, Hyatt, Hilton and Marriott argon presented in order to show the common forms and effects of cultural diversity for HRM in organizations operating in this industry. It has been proved that the practical forms and implications of cultural diversity in the workplace can be differentiated from their hypothetical context, at the level that market conditions tend to change continuously requiring dif ferent approaches when developing critical organisational decisions, such as decisions related to the level of cultural diversity accepted within each organization.In order to understand how diversity can impact human resource management it would be incumbent to refer to the role of HRM within modern organizations. Human Resource Management (HRM) can be characterized as a textile for managing employee issues across organizations. The role of HRM, even if seems simple, it could be described as quite complex, having to dress the needs and the skills of individuals with the needs and the resources of the organization. The above view is verified through the following fact HRM is divided into some categories, i.e. forms, each of which aims to address specific organizational problems, for instance, hard and soft HRM, the strategic HRM Management and so on (Talwar 2006). In accordance with Lee-Ross et al. (2010) HRM aims to support the relationships between employer and employees it is explained that these relationships are often difficult to be managed, due to the privation of communication skills of HR managers but also due to the lack of willingness by the employees to support innovation and change. From a similar point of view, Saee (2006) supports that HRM is used for resolving disputes between the employer and employees especially in regard to the methods and the time framework related to the completion of various organizational projects or the alteration of existing business practices. It is also storied that HRM is a framework indicating the level of capabilities of managers involved in the relevant activity. On the other hand, Riley et al. (2002) supports that HRM is a tool/ framework reflecting primarily the interests of the organization it is for this reason that HRM policies are usually based on the organizational aims and targets, both in the short or the long term. The level at which cultural diversity is promoted by HR managers within a

Barclay bank Indian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Barclay bank Indian - Essay ExampleThere are approximately 33 inappropriate banks in India. Barclays has been one among them. The report presented below tries to give way the environment in which Barclays Bank India has been operating. Further, it tries to analyse the grounds for Barclayss success. It has been analysed that the main reason for Barclays Banks success in India has been its innovative strategies. The report tries to analyse the organisation by conducting the value chain analysis. In addition to this, the report further tries to explore the free-enterprise(a) stances of the organisation and evaluates its sustainability Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Overview 4 Section A 5 abstract of Organisation own(prenominal) line of credit Environment 5 Porters Five Forces Model 5 Industry Life Cycle 7 Key Reasons for Barclayss Success 7 PEST Analysis 9 Section B 10 Value Chain Analysis 10 Competitive military posture 11 Scope and Scale 11 Evaluation of Sustainability 12 Critical Appraisal of Strategy 13 References 14 Bibliography 16 Overview Barclays PLC bay window be considered as one of the leading financial firms of Britain catering to the necessitate of the customers by providing financial services. In India, the Barclays Bank is considered to be one of the most esteemed foreign banks that render services to more than 9 lakh customers. The bank started serving the ineluctably of the commercial customers from the year 2006 November forwards and aims at offering the premier banking services. In addition to the commercial customers, Barclays Bank in India also serves the needs of public sector companies, small and medium enterprises and multinationals (Maps of India, 2011). The management report of Barclays Bank India has been aimed at understanding and analysing the strategic situation of the firm. The report will begin with the analysis of organisations business environment and of attention survival and the success factors. The second s ection of the report will contain in-depth strategic analyses of the Barclays Bank in India. Finally, the report will conclude with the decisive appraisal of the strategy. Section A Analysis of Organisation Business Environment Porters Five Forces Model According to Michael Porter, the five forces models tend to understand the level of competitiveness in the market and also affect the profitability of the firms that already exist in the industry. scourge of Substitute Products It has been analysed that although there are various foreign banks in India such as ABN AMRO Bank, Ameri shtup deliver Bank, Citibank, Deutsche Bank, HSBC bank and Standard Chartered Bank, there are few features as well as products of which they can only be obtained from the Barclays Bank such as Hello Money, the countrys only 7-year personal loan scheme, premier banking services and NRI banking services. Thus, it can be revealed that this force is favourable to Barclays Bank in India. It, therefore, bears a positive sign. Bargaining Power of Suppliers It can be demonstrated that the core business of the banking industry can be considered as service that mainly focuses upon the safety of the wealth. It has been evident from the case study that the bank has invested severely to acquire the talented pool of workforce. In addition to this, the suppliers at the banking sectors are the providers of tangible goods such as cheque books, furniture and others. However, the wallop of such tangible goods is not that significant. The provision of talent pool has an impact upon the operation. In context of

English Mock Exam Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English Mock Exam - Term Paper ExampleAny unrivalled underside be arrested suddenly, and for no valid reason, at any time of the day or night. There can be no recourse to the law, or appeal for justice. The knock on the door can happen at any time to any superstar. In both the meters, all citizens be the helpless victims of state sponsored terrorism. The g everyplacenment is abruptly ruthless and does not tolerate any form of dissent. The background of both metrical compositions is an atmosphere of fear. Both commencement ceremony They Came and Not my Business share the common theme of the impossibility of isolating oneself from injustice. It can be state that the underlying message in both the poems is the brotherhood of man. Niemoller and Osundare emphasize that no man can bang in isolation from his society. What affects one man will have its repercussions on all others. No one can live in a cocoon and remain untouched by the experiences of others. If injustice is left-hand (a) unchecked, it will inevitably engulf everyone. The poets are united in their call for every man to babble out against injustice. Both poems urge every individual to give voice to the demand for justice and fend against wrong even if one is not personally affected. The writers call for everyone to overcome their fear and have the fearlessness to stand up and be counted for their convictions. If we remain passive spectators to wrongdoing, we will definitely be the next victims. The themes of the poems can be said to be almost identical. Niemoller writes from his personal experience as a protestor against Nazi dominion in Hitlers Germany, and his active opposition to state control of the church. He has authenticly lived the lines of his poem, having been arrested and sent to the ill-famed concentration camps, where he has spent seven years. The line, Then they came for me, is based on his real life experience. It is a true account, which was written after the fall of Nazism an d his release from the camps. His poem is biographical. However, although Osundare has not been subjected to such actual arrest and imprisonment, his empathy for his countrymen makes his poem as vivid and intimate as First They Came. Osundares poetry is so personal, that it remains as true-to-life and genuine as Niemollers. Both the poems reflect their own culture. Niemoller, as a Protestant clergyman in Nazi Germany, bases his list of the various kinds of people on religion Communists, Jews, Catholics and Socialists. This is in accordance with the anti- spectral sentiments which Hitler established as part of his Nazi ideology and also with Niemollers strong religious identity as a churchman. Niemoller focuses on religious belief in his poem and conveys the message that one should stand up for everyones right to practice their own faith. On the other hand, Osundares poem reflects the realities of Africa, where the scarcity of resources is a fact of everyday life. Hunger is a very re al threat which hangs over every person. In accordance with this fact, he focuses on food. Osundare asserts that one should mouth out in defense of others, even at the cost of losing ones daily food represented in his poem by the humble yam. It is clear that Not my Business is based in a country where leanness is widespread. The names used by Osundare, and the mention of yam as a staple food, also speak of Africa. The writers use similar forms in their poems. First They Came and Not my Business both have short stanzas and are not lengthy. However, Osundares indentation of the repetitive lines forms a kind of chorus, while

Existentialism in My Eyes Essay Example for Free

Existentialism in My Eyes EssayTo begin with I would bid to briefly what the dictionary defines as experientialism. A philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the one-on-one somebody as a lax and responsible agent determining their knowledge development with acts of the will(merriam-webster). It is a a 20thcentury philosophical movement that places the main emphasis on the existence of humans. Existentialism calls fear to freedom of action and freedom of choice.According to this theory one is al guidances free to act in any way he or she wills and should non consider others actions, thoughts or find outs in doing so. Since ein truth person in considered to bought into the being alone and thena gain die alone they ar not expected to be courteous or considerate to the people around them. Esentially we argon all responsible for our own existence. still existentialism is so vague in its definition because it is viewed so differently by so many a( prenominal) people.Not just scholars completely those who study the term as well. The fathers of existentialism are said to be Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche, although the phenomenological version of it begins in Heidegger,who vehemently denied creation an existentialist, Sartre, and continues through Kafka and Camus.Since most existentialist thinkers never used that sound out to describe their philosophies,Sartre did, but purportedly rejected the term on his deathbed, you will find some differences between them However existentialism and those who live it tend to have certain characteristics according to most scholars they are preoccupy with how to live ones life and believe that philosophical and psychological inquiry can help.they believe there are certain questions that everyone must deal with (if they are to take human life seriously), and that these are special existential questions.Questions such as death, the meaning of human existence, the place of God i n human existence, the meaning of valuate, social relationship, the place of self-reflective conscious knowledge of ones self in existing. Note that the existentialists on this characterization dont pay frequently attention to social questions such as the politics of life and what social responsibility the society or state has. They focus almost exclusively on the individual.By and large Existentialists believe that life is very ambitious and that it doesnt have an objective or universally known value, but that the individual must make up value by affiriming it and living it, not by talking about it. Existential choices and values are primarily demonstrated in ACT not in words. Given that one is focusing on individual existence and the existential struggles (that is, in making decisions that are meaningful in everyday life), they frequently find that literary characterizations rather than more abstract philosophical thinking, are the best ways to authorize existential struggl es.They tend to take freedom of the will, the human power to do or not do, as absolutely obvious. Now and again there are arguments for free will in Existentialist literature, but even in these arguments, one gets the distinct sense that the arguments are not for themselves, but for outsiders. Inside the movement, free will is axiomatic, it is intuitively obvious, it is the topdrop of all else that goes on. There are certainly exceptions to each of these things, but this is expression of a placing of the existentialist-like positions. (Corbett,1985).Existenitialism focuses on several principles , however there are three major ones Subjectivity, Anguish, and Forlornness. Subjectivity is the premiere principle of Existentialism. Subjectivity means the name we are given when charges are brought up against us. This idea that we are born with a plan in mind. It is what we will make for ourselves for our future. You never know where your life is firing to take you . Angusish is the f eeling that Satre made reference to when we realize that we are totally reponsible for not save our own existence but all of mankind.When we speak of forlornness, a term Heidegger seemed to use often , we mean only that God does not exist and that we,ust face the consquence of that reality, that God is not responsible for our existence but we are The feeling of forlornness stems from an individuals realization that people are alone in the world, unable to rely on anything absolutely or anyone. Though these three are the major principles I I personally value the idea of authenticity that existentialism seems to focus on.It fits perfectly in modern society It allows the idea that being true to ones character, personality, and choices is required to be authentic Modern day society has created cookie cutter facades that has us all boxed into roles and classifications. Which is why most modern day philosophers tend to view traditional and academic ideologies as too abstract or remote fo r current society. I sometimes think its not the theories that are remote but the uppitiness of the ivory tower in its presentation that makes them seem too difficult to master.However to me its like the 2+2 theory, that the origins of philosophical thought must stem from human experience. another(prenominal) answer is that the authentic attitude is very simple. It strips away the complications of people telling you how to live and what to do and who you should be. Its appeal to those surrounded or overwhelmed by the cacophony of voices in todays society, especially to young people. It is the expression of freedom in a world of constraints. Again, Sartre might have rejected some of this as being not what he meant by authenticity. But really the point is that these attitudes are popular. I think I should go back to the beginning again.What does authenticity mean? Perhaps, for the authentic person, ones honorableistic appearance is at all times in all places and in all respects one s moral reality. The authentic person lives according to her own moral standards, does not pretend to be something she is not, does not create the apppearance of morality but in their heart be privately dissolute. This, to me, is the most appealing definition of authenticity. When it comes to defining truth, Existentialism has couple of points. To begin with, truth is delineate by a person individual life experiences. Their reality and experiences influences their ultimate view on the world.It is considered that to view of the world is already the truth and in their world it is. This is because in Existentialism truth is something that is based on facts and not on emotions. Though, the truth can be used in a good way or bad way, so to say acting in good or bad faith. Thus, in the concept of truth it is once again pointed out that every individual has a freedom of choice. It is enkindle that Existentialism considers an act to be good and something to be true if it is performed in a way that the entire human race would be represented. This seems to be enough to attest an act as a moral one.Modern existentialism seems to show up often in films. One must not film over Existentialism and Post Modernism though. Key ideas include 1. Retaining authenticity in a mechanical, apathetic world is dejected. because autencitiy relates to a reality that simply does not exist. 2. The feelings of alienation and loneliness that come about from being laughable in a world of many, and the consiciousness of death. 3. Everydayness Referemces 1. Corbett B. , 1985, What is Existentialism? Retrieved december 21,2012 from http//www2. webster. edu/corbetre/philosophy/existentialism/whatis. html .

Inside and Out Essay Example for Free

Inside and Out EssayWe all like to sire a beloved condemnation. Whether it is with our friends, real others, or our families, we all need to relax. organism a young adult myself I have in condition(p) to make wiser decisions ab protrude my party time based on prior experiences.After having g unmatchable to the clubs, the bars, the mob halls, and the raves I now know that where the real party is at is inside the comfort of your own radical where you are the one in control and are not subject to some of the expenses that red ink out can bring. I think the biggest two aspects that I have to decide between now in my life is going out to dinner and a celluloid versus hanging out with the same race at the house.Being in control means not getting yourself into predicaments that you normally wouldnt put yourself in. The starting time predicament I can think of putting myself in when going out is my money situation. Being the young mortal that I am I have not been given the opportunity however in my life to be making the mega bucks.Thirty to Forty dollars a night to go to dinner and a movie may not seem like much to some, but for someone who makes on average two-hundred dollars a week and has some hefty bills to pay, thats a big deal. Why would someone emergency to go out, spend twenty dollars on dinner and so $8.50 per person on a movie when they could just as easily stay home rent a movie for about $4.00 for everyone to watch, and skirt a meal that cost twenty dollars to feed everyone?On the other hand, when you do go out, although you do spend a little more, it is also a less time-consuming process and easier on the troops or forceess. Instead of having to go to the store to get the ingredients for dinner, going to rent a movie then coming home and preparing dinner, you instead just scout from place to place and do what you have to do. Also, going to a restaurant can be a little relaxing from time to time because you have someone to serve you and you have nothing to worry about but basking in good conversation. in that location is no mess to pick up or dishes to do once the dinner is over. Another returns would be that at the theater there is a big screen. Im not too sure if bigger is better to everyone, but I do enjoy a good theater flick from time to time on those oversized screens. Also, when in the theater you get to savor the rich buttery popcorn that only the theater can provide, although it costs another pretty penny.Another great advantage to staying in is the people. Its such a good time when you have people who are appreciative of you as their host or hostess. Renting a good film and serving a fabulous meal is the abbreviation of a good night for me and my family and friends.Be it a nice southern barbeque dinner or fancy chicken cordon bleu that I prepare, it seems as though my guests always feel satisfied. It makes a person feel good and is often times relaxing to realize that something theyre doing brings joy to others. To know that you are the one that put the smile on their face or the one who made sure they had a good day is an awesome feeling. Not many other feelings top that one for me.Whether you stay in or go out be sure to relax and have a good time. Thats really what organism with the ones you love and care about is all about. Make sure to mix things up a combat so that it doesnt get too monogamous staying in. Also when going out make sure to undertake just enough money that you can afford to spend or youll wind up stone-broke until pay day. Whatever it is that you do, make sure it is not stressful. Remember, having fun means relaxing, no matter how you do it.

Cognitive Processes Paper Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Processes Paper EssaySubliminal perception is believed to be effected by its based finding of mind restrict, weather its one person or group of throng. Mind control tolerate be used on a group of people without their awareness. The perception of this idea is to get people to do things that would not normally do. For instance, during the 1950s there was a message that says Drink Coca-Cola which attack m both people into trying this product or making them dry for a cold Coca Cola. This ad was used enter a person mind mend making them thirsty for the item, because the company wants to sell their product (Pratkanis, 1992). This ad was used in order to set a unperceivable message to the unconscious mind so they would try the product without knowing they were creation control in to doing something they did not want to do. The company strategically is to mind persuade or manipulated all(prenominal) individual into doing what the company what the individual to without them knowing they are being brainwash into doing something new. one time an individual feeds into an ad, the subliminal message has persuaded some(prenominal) individual into trying or buying a new product. Subliminal detection is a usance of thoughts, attitudes, and a behavior which is observes by their awareness of input signal.Since there is some controversy, there is seemly evidence on how observers response usher out be affected by the stimuli in which they claim how they have not seen. The cognitive psychologist is not predominantly devastating, but the media and the public has responded several time to the notion of subliminal perception. Most people do not think of being subliminal manipulation but we fatality to determine whether the conditions are reflected deep down the product. So now each individual is control into purchasing these items without knowing how they were manipulated into making a purchase. Throughout the years subliminal perception has been used on many advertisements in order to influence each person to purchase their product weather they need it or not (Moore 1982, 1988).Visual perception is what we our eyes and brain does on daily basics. When looking at images we see them as a whole instead of in sections. Although, images can be broken into their opthalmic elements, such as shapes, lines texture and color. These images that we see allow our eyes to tension helps our brain to get introduce with the image, in order for us to transmit the information into our brain. Psychologist explains the process of the physical energy which is received by the sense organs. These sensory are converted into perceptions of sight, blend smell taste, and touch (McLeod, 2007).Since there are two different climb upes of visual perception, the first approach is to perceive the constructive while approaching the pondering. The direct approach is to emphases the richness of the visual environment from moment to moment. Whereas the constru ctive approach is what could be considered the subsequent steps of the visual experience which include the roles of memory, imagination while problem solving the world as we see it. Although, the constructive approach attend to focus more on the cognitive factors rather than specify the aspects of visual stimulus (Rochat 1999)When processing the visual perception their main focus emphasize on the top down comment which inherent the expectation of our knowledge while surrounding the information of the cognitive factors. Wagner and Sparrow (2004) talk nearly the direct bodily feedback from the visual perception and how their action is significant and appreciate to the three dimensional worlds. flock is the majority prevailing sense in which we use for all information throughout the world. Once we overt our eyes there is some form of light that enters our eye while processing this information to our brain. Once this information has enter our brain we see object and how they operate and they way they move. Visual perception has taken a different approach of perception, beginning with its function of vision which serves as an active observer within the environment. The general induction of our current knowledge is to study the vision and its function (Wade Swanston, 2001). Auditory perception has the skill to recognize and understand sound with explicit organs, such as a person ear. Each sound can exists in the form of vibrations which can travel through the air or other substances.Our ears can identify the sound of vibrations, while converting it into a nerve impulse which is immediately sent to the brain where it can be distinguish. If an individual is deaf he or she has no auditory perception because they cannot interpret any sound. Although, when it comes to animals they can make out different sound, especially dogs they are skilled in perceiving sounds of a in truth high pitch where as humans cannot hear a sound of that capacity. There are several factor s that can affect the auditory perception further than hearing any type of sounds.Our brain is in the main responsible for it many processes it can turn a large group of incoming noise into something recyclable and clear. Auditory perception favoritism is a process of being able to know the differences between sounds besides it is tremendously important to know the language of sound as if it was speaking different sounds. Among the affect of discrimination the foreground and the background is a significant part of auditory discrimination. Its important to be focus on the important noises so the not so important notice will not be so overwhelming to the human ear. ( Broadbent, 1958, and Cherry 1953).ReferenceMichael T. Swanston Nicholas J. Wade Authors Visual Perception An Introduction second Edition. McLeod, S, A. (2007). Visual Perception Retrieved from www.simplypschology.org

Sales and Inventory System Thesis Sample Essay Example for Free

gross sales and Inventory System Thesis Sample EssayCollaborate to a greater extent than thanProductivity and quality tools for everyone in the provider organization. locking with limited imaginations, health commission providers today are ch all in allenged to experience ever-increasing demands. In order to meet this challenge, your organization needs to be as efficient as possible. This starts with heavy(a) your most substantial resourceyour peoplesmart, timesaving tools that help them be more(prenominal) productive to increase quality and contain costs. Thats where Microsoft responsibility 2010 comes in. Its not intended to replace your EMR or hospital information system rather it link the gap between these and your other core systems to play a vital role in dowery all your staff connect with information, people, and processeswhen, where, and how needed. Microsoft seat 2010Today everyone inside the healthcare provider organization is prudent in his or her own way for improving quality, safety, and reducing the cost of persevering role interactions inside the organization. central to accomplishing these objectives is the ability to access information, collaborate in teams around that information, and analyze that information. Given the team-oriented nature of healthcare bringing today, you dont want to keep people out of the loop everyone needs access to the tools you purpose to analyze, share, and defend information. Whatever the scenario a clinician looking at her oncology service line and analyzing the effectiveness of specific treatments or a porter checking his e-mails to see if much needed supplies will arrive on timeit is important for everyone to have access to core productiveness and information tools. In response to these healthcare provider requirements, Microsoft obligation 2010 offers enhanced features to help healthcare professionals Bring Ideas to LifeSimplify how physicians, administrative staff, and other clinicians u nderstand, use, and present information. Work Better Together admirer enable care team collaboration for greater employee satisfaction and ameliorate tolerant outcomes. Use Office AnywhereHelp enable staff to connect with information, people, and processes in all the different places that care is delivered. The Practical Productivity PlatformGive staff the ability to complete patient and administrative processes from within Office and give IT and the board the peace of mind that sensitive organizational and patient information is secure and protected. Microsoft Office 2010 provides flexibility of information delivery along with a rich exploiter experience to support the role of everyone in your organization as a quality worker.Collaborate moreAnalytical capabilities help make informed decisionsWith access to analytical tools, clinicians, and administrators thunder mug make informed decisions and present results, analysis, and trends about service lines and key performance ind icators that contribute to quality improvements. Administrators will be able to slay insights from complex or disparate entropy sets to help provide higher quality care and services. Help empower everyone in your organization to analyze trends and measure and monitor quality. Monitor and respond promptly to pecuniary indicators and trends. Present information and organize care teams in more engaging ways.Equip Staff to govern Insights from InformationOffice 2010 gives your clinicians and administrators ways to draw insights from complex or disparate sets of data so they fag end turn information into knowledge they basin apply. Medical and nursing staff send word present and educate about quality initiatives, key performance indicators, patient safety initiatives, or condition management pathways. incision heads and executives burn down make on-the-spot quality comparisons and decisions from lists of data using improved conditional formatting in Excel to visualize data. And management stomach improve financial responsiveness in the budgeting process by enabling multiple users to collaborate on the same spreadsheet. Office 2010 makes it easier for staff to capture, search, and reuse different types of content. You can equip them to express ideas and educate in more compelling ways, such as with the use of multimedia system for grand rounds or board presentations.Support Connected Care from AnywhereIn every field of view of the healthcare system, organizations that develop and deliver healthcare products and services are challenged to deliver discontinue and safer care to more patientsin less time and at a lower cost. Given the mobile nature of healthcare delivery today, the ability to use Office applications from wherever your staffs work takes them is critical. For example, a control manager might be working from a dedicated PC, then later reviewing the same data from a nurse station in the medical ward or bedside in a patient room.With Micro soft Office 2010, she has the ability to access that data with the correct modality and consistent ease of useno matter where she isto make better knowledge-driven care decisions. Clinicians and administrators can take action on-the-go and around-the-clock by macrocosm always connected to information, communications, and processes. And Office 2010 helps ensure that work done while mobile is securely in sync across documents and devices with protection features in place to safeguard patient and organizational data.Collaborate moreImprove Responsiveness and Productivity through Secure Collaboration Use the capabilities of Office 2010 to help caregiver and administrative teams easily share, review, discuss, and update information from different locations. This means simplifying how people work together on documents, such as discharge summaries, research papers, or staff communications. Care teams can improve their productivity and care management by simplifying meeting scheduling and project coordination of external team members with shared calendars.Everyone can make and see updates in real time from their PC, Web browser, or phone* to simplify versioning and coordination. And you can ensure that data shared in personal productivity and team collaboration is secured and only addressable to those intended. Office 2010 enables Web- base collaboration in Word, PowerPoint, and Excel Web apps, and OneNote notebooks so multiple people can slue documents simultaneously. And offline access to SharePoint servers means they can always get to the resources they need.Presence indicatorsHost on-premises with SharePointUsing co-authoring capabilities, staff can work on Word and PowerPoint documents simultaneously with other team members, allowing everyone to see who is working on which percentage of the document at any given time.Option to lock paragraphsImproved collaboration capabilities help care teams work better together Organization staff, such as human resources o r administrative staff, can improve their responsiveness with co-authoring of policy documents or care plansenabling multiple experts to collaborate to produce documents more efficiently Web apps improve collaboration by providing access to documents from virtually anywhere and preserving the look and receive of a document. Staff can author and edit Word and PowerPoint documents simultaneously with other team members, giving everyone the ability to see who is working on which section of the document at any given time. group members can use SharePoint offline, and then reconnect when collaborating.Collaborate moreDeliver the EssentialsSecurity. Manageability. Performance. Provide clinicians and administrators with flexible, intuitive tools that are rugged but easy to use and require little to no training. With Office 2010, you can allow IT to tailor deployment to suit the individual roles, work styles, and modes of users in a way that is easy to manage. And Office 2010 support s a broader military of devices and allows access to information and tools from virtually anywhere while helping to ensure patient and organizational data is safeguarded and maintaining the security of your infrastructure.Helping you meet the needs of those you serveWith Office 2010, Microsoft has innovated to introduce new capabilitiesall based on customer feedback and volumes of usage datathat can result in transformational efficiency gains to help you better meet the needs of those you serve.*An appropriate device, Internet connection, and Internet Explorer, Firefox, or Safari browser are required. round mobile functionality requires Microsoft Office Mobile 2010, which is not included in Office 2010 applications, suites, or Web apps. Office Mobile must be installed on the device to make edits with Web apps. There are about differences between the features of the Office Web apps, Office Mobile 2010, and the Office 2010 applications.For more information, contact your Microsoft P artner vocalisation and visit Office 2010 preview site www.office2010forbusiness.com Download the Office 2010 beta. Discover whats new in Office 2010. View application demo videos for a glimpse of new capabilities. Backstage with Office 2010 www.office2010themovie.com gather insights into the making of Office 2010. Listen to interviews with the creators of Office 2010. Learn about the latest in transforming health Microsoft in Health www.microsoft.com/health. Health ICT Resource Center http//www.microsoft.com/healthict. Microsoft for Healthcare Providers http//www.microsoft.com/ industry/healthcare/providers/default.mspx. Health IT Blog http//blogs.msdn.com/wwhealthit/. Dr. story Crounses Health Blog http//blogs.msdn.com/healthblog.

Mathematics Educational Theories Essay Example for Free

Mathematics Educational Theories raiseMy investigation has led me to think about lots of ideas that stern be used with children in untimely Years classroom as well as with KS1. Numbers displayed on telephone sets and remote controls be probably the first form of physical bodys in an raise that young children come across with. Primarily, number lines 0 10 0 20, as a part of the 100 square thunder mug be used where children familiarise themselves with numbers and recognise the correct order of numbers.Number lines are very versatile. They can be of any size, for individual or whole- class use. They can start on any number. unobjectionable number lines are infinitely adaptable they can be used for counting calculations using both four number operations. They are a good way to practice and over deal the number bonds to 20 that children demand to be able to remember fluently. Visual counting pattern on number lines can table service children to understand relative numbe rs and number sequences.Moving a step forward from the correct order of numbers, the children can identify and colour all the odd and even numbers and establish rules for recognition. When children are confident(p) with bigger numbers, a large 100 square is ideal to work with the whole class to learn timetables, attachition subtraction of larger numbers by counting numbers above it or downstairs it. Children can also identify multiples of 2,3, 5, 10 and others by highlighting numbers in different color and demonstrate sequential patterns.They can reverse the two digit numbers, read them and make new numbers. riddle solving activities such as pick a number between 0-10 or 0-20, double it and add 1, is very exciting as children manipulate with numbers at their own pace. Lots of different games can be introduced. Snakes Ladders, number dominions, dice games, dot to dot, finding the difference between two dices place determine cards are few examples.By playing and replaying a se lection of games, children can practice to fill in ideas, number facts and concepts in a way that they can enjoy and strengthen skills at the same time. dynamic involvement aids their acquire and enhances their attitude towards the subject. But it is important to focus on the particular learning target that the game is reinforcing. Hundred squares can be cut into several parts to form a jigsaw and children can be challenged to put the pieces together again. (See some activity ideas in the appendix)

Dancers, Costumes and Movement Content Essay Example for Free

Dancers, Costumes and Movement Content EssayCostumeThe vestments end-to-end Flesh and Blood is a truly important attribute to the musical composition. All seven of the womanish dancers habiliment the same costume in each of the five dents therefore this shows that the costume that Lea Anderson chose was germane(predicate) to the themes inside the piece all the way done.The costumes ar of a medieval style, we know this from the design of the serve as they let square necks and tight fitting wrist length sleeves much like the dresses that were wear in that time period. The dresses reach ankle length on each of the dances and harbor a fitted body with a dropped v-waist which then falls into a slightly gathered, loose existent lower half which flows tweak from the waist to the ankle. In this piece I believe it is important for the dresses to be fitted on the implements of war and torso area as these are the main areas of which are used in the contact work much(p renominal) as lifts- and it then makes it easier to perform these moves as dancers can get a better grip on each early(a).There are in any case many intricate arm and hand dejections where dancers stir to loop with each other- therefore the tight fitting arms ensure that the moves can be performed with clarity and precision. The solid of the dresses is particularly item to the underlying storyline of Joan of Arc, as it is a metallic and shiny stretchy liquid fabric. This infers the idea of the dresses symbolizing armour, which is relevant to the fightings that Joan of Arc had to fight. The masculine armour like fabric then contrasts against the fair(prenominal) style of dress, again backing up the important theme of Joan of Arc throughout the piece. The shiny material also shimmers in the light and emphasises movements and enhances angles that the dancers perform, whether they are big or small moves which then makes developing motifs clearer to see.The dancers have bare fe et in each section of the dance, I believe this adds a sense of vulnerability to the demanding faced characters and shows that no matter how determined Joan of Arc was she, and also the characters within this dance all have a weak spot. The dresses that the dancers wear also have sura length, fitted grey leggings underneath which we see in section two- and also work to highlight and emphasize movement. I also believe it was important for the dancers to wear leggings as section two has a muckle of blow out of the waterwork involved so it is possible to have these underneath the dresses.Make-up and vibrissa are also important aspects of the costume within this piece and they highlight areas of intricate movement. This is shown in the Cathedral in section 2 of the dance where small tenderness movements upwards, then to the left are used. This move is simple but is an important reoccurring motif which could constitute flavour up to god- and therefore needs to stand out, which is done through the use of dark eye report that contrasts against the dancers pale faces. The red lipstick worn throughout shows the dancers are still feminine even though they have to wear a masculine army colour, and have a short style of hair which is what Joan of Arc had to do in order to disguise herself. The red lipstick symbolises danger and passion and also shows that even though they are pretending to be males- they are still strong female characters for adhesive up for what they believe in.DancersAll of the dancers look on average mingled with the ages of 25 to 35 and are all female. I believe this shows a strong sense of unity within the piece to symbolise the fact that they are part of an army and also makes them all equal to each other. This is important as it shows that the piece is thematic- rather than narrative with main characters. Due to the style of the dance, I believe the dancers will of had to have had training in ballet and contemporary and be able to perfor m in confined spaces such as the black box theatre setting which is used and be adaptable for the site specific places that they had to perform.Another key aspect of the performance is that the dancers are very precise in the unison sections. This is utile as it heightens smaller movements such as the tapping of the feet in the cathedral setting in section 2. A way that the dancers could have done this is through using specific counts in the music and keeping to a rhythm. Due to their being a lot of minimal eye movement in unison within the routine- also shown in the black box studio in section 5 when the dancers look up as if to heaven, it is important that the dancers were aware of their focus points so that their movements were precise and equal to each other, which is something that is important throughout this piece.Movements variance 1The movement in section one is very contained and small. It is a duet between two of the dancers and involves using a lot or inticate armwork where they have to weavein and out of each other. This could symbolise that the battle Joan of Arc had to face was a constant struggle. This concept is also shown and the first female dancer in this section looks as though she is being dominated and controlled by the second femal character who is stood behind her throughout- or so overlooking all of her actions and having imput into what she does. This is shown as a movement when dancer two pushes dancer one fine-tune to the push down to continue her movements on a lower level. This makes dancer two look more(prenominal) shining and therefore gives off the theory she is symbolic of the males telling Joan of Arc she wasnt allowed to fight.Section 2Section two involves all 7 of the female dancers and is set in a black box studio. The floor work in this section such as the absorb motif which is shown also in section five where the dancers lay on their back with their feet flat to the floor and their knees bent on and angle with their arms by their side as they push their legs straight out to move backwards gives off an impression that they are symbolising beetles and other insects. Thesharp and angled movements give off imagery as if they are symbolising being bugs- which links to the heaven and hell paintings by the artist Bosch. Because much of this section is on the floor it is symbolic of Hell being present- and is where most people believed Joan of Arc went after her burning at the stake. The calf length leggings and bare feet that the dancers are wearing can also be seen in this scuttling back movement and highlight the angles of the legs- as is also done with the tight fitting sleeves on the arms.Section 3This section is set inside of a Cathedral and shows 3 of the dancer standing in the alter and the other 4 laid in the knave. This symbolises the communication that Joan of Arc is said to have had with God who told her tobattle with the men, this is shown through intricate eye movement from the danc ers standing in the alter as the first thing they do it look upward to heaven, to the left as if to purgatory and then downwards as if to hell. Use of a maneuver tilt to the right when looking to the left is also used which could symbolise shock in audience or seeing something.The dancers laid on the floor are symbolic of the dreams that Joan of Arc is said to of had and repeat motifs such as the rolling of the fingers that tap onto the floor suggest that her nightmares and dreams were reoccurring and made her react immediately- even in the first place she woke up and decided that she wanted to go into battle. The dynamics in this section are a lot slower then any other andthe dancers are all individuals which suggests that when Joan of Arc visited the church she was distanced from everyone else and felt more alone and vulnerable.Section 4Section 4 is set outside of the cathedral and is an adapted interpreting of section 1, as it has 2 unison duets- one further forward than the other. This section is also very contact based and manipulative which gives an indication of the relationship that the dancers have with each other. The crusifix arm movement is a repeat motif throughout and is shown is section 2 when the dancers sit up from the floor, as if god is lot them progress and become better people. It is also shown in section 4 when the dancers are lifted by the dominating dancers, and their feet are left loosely flailing beneath them while their arms lower so their palms are flat facing downwards. This motif could symbolise that god is now taking Joan of Arcs soul to Heaven as she is burnt at the stake. The shaking of the feet indicates that many people believed she would go to Hell- which is why the arms are bring down from the crucifix movement as this is less holy and God wouldnt have wanted that for the female who stood up for herself.

Reading comprehension Essay Example for Free

Reading apprehension EssayABSTRACT. sion The (STRAT), authors evaluated counselling, strategies followed reciprocal uniform-age the effectiveness by rule + SA) (STRAT of straightforward in t from each oneer-led interpretation whole-class activities, helpmate-tutoring comprehen activities or cross-age peer-tutoring activities (STRAT + CA) on second and fifth graders indication comprehen sion and self-efficacy For perceptions. 2nd multilevel graders, analyses revealed sig nifi potfult STRAT and STRAT + CA effects however, the effects did non last after fin the program. one-fifth graders on the posttest go than ishing i plundertly in all 3 selective information-based attend group their conditions Results peers. performed signif con to a fault showed tinued growth for the STRAT and STRAT + CA conditions until at least 6 months after scholarly persons finished the program. muchover, on both(prenominal) the posttest and retention test, 5th graders in the STRAT + CA condit ion reported signifi can buoytly fewer prejudicial thoughts Key words prehension, related to their round-eyed drill education proficiency. multilevel education, strategies, exemplar, peer tutoring, translation com self-efficacy RESEARCH, decoding instruction has had a great and persisting of attention and debate.However, a hiatus can be recorded in the study of history interlingual rendition cellular inclusion. Two decades ago, strategy intervention look for was in instruction received renewed atten vogue, but but recently has cellular inclusion with current studies building on what was accomplished in the 1980s. Now, tion, the challenge in reading intuition question is to enlarge the efficacy of in struction in elementary give instructions by severalizeing the instructional practices and ac tivities that best serve to get under ones skin childrens self-monitoring for acquaintance IN READING (Snow, Burns, Griffin, 1998). 291.This sum d confessloaded on Fri, 15 Feb 2013 015254 AM terminately workout subject to JSTOR ground and Conditions 292 The Journal Previously, students Once reading experience could decode, was considered lore was of Experimental Education to be a process of mastery assumed to occur automatical ly (Dole, 2000). interrogation, however, has shown that swell reviewers are character ized by much than just decoding skills.Cognitively based views of reading com readers usage a flexible that proficient repertoire of prehension emphasize and regulating activities (Dole, Duffy, Roehler, comprehension monitoringincludes both cognitive and metacognitive Pearson, 1991), which strategies (Baker Brown, 1984 Paris, Wasik, Turner, 1991 Pressley Allington, 1999 Pressley, Johnson, Symons, McGoldrick, Kurita, 1989). Cognitive strat egies can be defined as mental or behavioral activities that increase the likelihood much(prenominal) as rereading, activating prior background knowledge, of comprehension, and adjusting readin g advance ( vanguard Den Broek Kremer, 2000).Metacognitive strategies can be specified as self-monitoring and regulating activities that focus on the product and the process of reading, supportreaders consciousness of com prehension, and assist in the selection of cognitive strategies as a function of textual numberual matter difficulty, situational constraints, and the readers own cognitive abilities (Lories, 1998 vanguard Den Broek Kremer Weisberg, Dardenne, Yzerbyt, 1988).There is no reason to believe that all elementary students spon Unfortunately, and skills knowledge taneously develop essential cognitive and metacognitive Research reviews, however, reveal Allington, 1999). (Hartman, 2001 Pressley that monitoring and regulating skills and effective application of relevant strate cangies be taught (Dole et al. , 1991 Pressley, 2000 Pressley et al. , 1989).In this Jones, 1992 Block, 1993 respect, recent studies (Baumann, Seifert-Kessell, Dole et al. Dole, Brown, Thra then, 1996 Pearson Fielding, 1991) and re of the National Reading Council (U. S. Snow et al. , 1998) underscore the ports government note of apparent cognitive and metacognitive reading strategy instruction, for instruction realizes the mystery out of the reading process, helping comprehension students assume control (Raphael, 2000, p. 76). As to the practice of command observation rereading, however, little has changed since Durkins (1978-1979) instruction.The dominant instructional practice is into comprehension students about text confine, still very traditional, characterized by questioning with little explicit attention to the strategic aspects of processing and compre hending text (Aarnoutse, 1995 Paris Oka, 1986 Pressley, Wharton-McDon 1986). ald, Hampston, Echevarr? a, 1998Weterings Aarnoutse, search In addition to the importance of explicit reading strategies instruction, research the effects program of an innovativeon the cognitive, and social, (Belgium) compreh ension for reading The study was school children. emotional by a supported of elementary development Research-Flanders. Research grant of the Fund for scientific Assistantship to Hilde Van Keer, Department be addressed should of Education, Correspondence Hilde. VanKeer E-mail Henri Dunantlaan Ghent Ghent, 2, 9000 Belgium. University, This study was part of a investigation long in Flanders instruction of UGent.Be This content downloaded on Fri, 15 Feb 2013 015254 AM All usance subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions293 Van Keer Verhaeghe has revealed that the development of reading competence in the elementary can be encouraged by interaction with peers (Almasi, 1996 Fuchs, Fuchs, grades Mathes, Simmons, 1997 Johnson-Glenberg, 2000 Mathes Fuchs, 1994 Mathes, Torgesen, Allor, 2001 Palincsar Brown, 1984 Rosenshine Meis ter, 1994 Simmons, Fuchs, Fuchs, Mathes, Hodge, 1995).The traditional teacher-led evaluation interaction seems of mock up teacher question-student an to achieve insufficient actual response-teacher increase in comprehension,higher level cognition, and the application of self-regulation strategies (Cazden, 1986).Relying on the teachers interpretive authority causes students to become passive learners. to become Conversely, students readers, self-regulated need to take an active role and to espy and resolve their own discrepancies with texts (Almasi Gourgey, 2001). Research has demonstrated that this kind of ac tive reading behavior is promoted by providing students with opportunities to en gage in peer-led interaction about texts.More particularly, it has been shown that, throughstudents discussions, peer implement, conferences, evaluate, and peer modify and tutoring, strategies, activities, concerted and discuss of transfer strategies (Klingner Vaughn, 1996 Klingner, Vaughn, Schumm, 1998 Pal incsar Brown, 1984). Moreover, discussions between peers erect opportu nities for metacognitive (Palincsar, David, Winn, exchanges and modeling 1991).In this way, childrens knowledge about reading and reading strategies, as well as their ability to apply relevant strategies, increases. Despite these convincing research results, student-centereddiscussion with regard to is anything but common practice in most classrooms reading comprehension Stevens, (Alvermann, 2000).In the indue study, we attempted to narrow the gap between prevailing in structional practice and research separate in the field of reading comprehension instruction. An innovative approach, blending research-based strategies instruction and to practice opportunities strategic the from practices research fields, was designinged, same implemented, More particular propositionally, the innovations comprised two cornerstones and evaluated. explicit readingreading in peer-tu toring dyads. Peer tutoring was introduced to stimulate student interaction be cause of the opportunities it creates to practice metacognitive skills.It should be noted that studies of peer tutoring in reading comprehension and thinking skills are relatively rare (Topping, 2001). Following research on peer-assisted learning strategies (e. g. , Fuchs, Fuchs, et al. , Mathes, 1997), c? as s wide peer tutoring (e. g. , Greenwood, 1991 Greenwood, Carta, Hall, 1988), and studies focusing on practicing reading strategies in small cooperative groups (e.g. , Brown, Pressley, Van Meter, Schuder, 1996 Palincsar Brown, 1984Pressley et al, 1992 Stevens, Madden, Slavin, Famish, 1987 Stevens, Slavin, Famish, 1991), the present study involved training in comprehension strategies or else than tutoring students in word-level oral reading or low-level comprehension activities. Peer tutoring can be defined as people from resembling social groupings who are This content downloaded on Fri, 15 Feb 2013 015254 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 294.The Journal of Experimental Education not professionalteachers helping each other(a) to leam, and learning themselves by t eaching (Topping, 1996, p. 322). This definition covers a series of practices, in cluding peers as one-on-one teachers to provide individualized instruction, prac tice, repetition, and clarification of concepts (Topping, 1988 Utley Mortweet, 1997).Peer tutoring is structurally embedded in the curriculum and classroom organization and is characterized by specific role taking One person has the job of tutor, while the other is the tutee (Topping, 1996). Moreover, effective peer tu tutor training (Bentz Fuchs, 1996toring is characterized by a preceding Fuchs, Fuchs, Bentz, Phillips, Hamlett, 1994 Fuchs, Fuchs, Hamlett, Phillips, Karns, Dutka, 1997).With regard to the dyad composition, two variants can be tutoring refers to older students tutoring younger stu distinguished. Cross-age in same-age tutoring, children are paired with classmates. The variant in dents students alternate regularly between the tutor and tutee role is called rec iprocal same-age tutoring (Fantuzzo, King, He ller, 1992). Peer tutoring has been successful in a variety of curriculum areas and age groups.Research has indicated unconditional effects on academic achievement for both tutor and tutee (Cohen, Kulik, Kulik, 1982 Fantuzzo, Davis, Ginsburg, 1995 which Fantuzzo, Polite, Grayson, 1990 Fantuzzo et al. , 1992 Greenwood et al. , 1988 Mathes et al. , 2001 Simmons et al. , 1995). In this respect, peer tutoring is not only about transmission from the more able and experienced to the less able (Topping, 1996) tutors seem to realize even more from tutoring than students who receive et al. Lambiotte et al. , the individual tuition (Fitz-Gibbon, 1988 Greenwood 1987).This can be explained by the nature of tutoring a peer Tutors are chal to engage in ac lenged to consider the subject fully from opposite perspectives, to identify and correct errors, to reorganize and clarify their own tive monitoring knowledge and understandings, and to elaborate on information in their explana tions (Fuc hs Fuchs, 2000). Because the application of reading strategies re quires actively monitoring the reading process, peer tutoring may be considered a powerful learning environment for the acquisition of reading comprehension the reading process of another reader might facilitate the ac skills.Monitoring of self-monitoring skills and, hence, the adequate application of reading quisition (1978) the strategies. From a theoretical perspective, consonant with Vygotskys ory of socially mediated learning, the object of the dyadic interaction in the peer tutoring activities is the joint construction of text meaning by appropriate appli cation of relevant reading strategies to a wide range of texts and, in the long term, the intemalization and consistently self-regulative flexible use of strategic pro cessing whenever encountering texts that are challenging to comprehend.Furthermore, plus effects as well have been found on tutors and tutees social and emotional functioning, especially with regard to self-efficacy perceptions, self-concepts, social relationships, and attitudes toward the curriculum areas inured in the tutoring sessions (e. g. , Cohen et al. , 1982 Fantuzzo et al. , 1992 Fantuzzo et al. , 1995 Greenwood et al. , 1988 Mathes Fuchs, 1994).Regard This content downloaded on Fri, 15 Feb 2013 015254 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 295 Van Keer Verhaeghe is an especially self-efficacyimportant construct, ing reading comprehension, that attention to strategy instruction whole is not sufficient to produce max given imum reading growth (Casteel, Isom, Jordan, 2000).Affective factors result in deeper engagement with text, which translates into superior achievement. Henk and Melnick (1995) asserted that self-efficacy judgments can affect an individ uals overall orientation to the process of reading bias choice of activities affect continued involvement, amount of effort expended during reading, and the in pursuing text comprehensionAnd in t he end affect degree of persistence achievement. Our aim in the present intervention study was to design, implement, and evalu ate conglomerate sets of instructional interventions in authentic classrooms to enhance sond and ordinal part graders reading comprehension achievement and self-efficacy perceptions toward reading. The specific contribution of the present study is the focus on peer-tutoring variants as instructional techniques to practice the use of reading.More strategies. comprehension we specifically, concentrated on an ex of practicing reading strategies in (a)plicit comparison teacher-led whole-class activities, (b) reciprocal same-age peer-tutoring activities, or (c) cross-age peer-tutoring activities inwardly the same study for two divers(prenominal) age groups. So far, cross- and same-age tutoring have not been compared within the same study, and there is only indirect reference material from approximationta-analysis of of the relative merit Cohen and colleague s (1982) with regard to the dissimilarial impact. Furthermore, in the present study, we extend prior research by (a) sampling a larger number of studiesParticipants than is typically the case in strategies-based comprehension (b) supporting teachers to implement the innovations in the natural classroom con text with the participation of all students of all abilities during an entire school year, which represents sensitivity to the interventions ecological validity (c) tar geting students in the early and intermediate grades, populations that deserve more attention with regard tometacognitive and strategic behavior (d) including maintenance long-term measures (e) using standardized reading comprehension tests not directly linked to the treatment and (f) applying multilevel modeling totake the hierarchical nesting of students in classes into account.Based on a review of the research literature and the aforementioned lines of reasoning, we formulated the following hypotheses for the s tudy Hypothesis teacher-led 1. Explicit whole-class reading or peer-tutoring graders reading comprehension prehension strategies instruction, activities, achievement more followed enhances by practice second and in fifth than traditional reading com instruction.2. Practicing reading strategies in cross-age or reciprocal same-age peer-tutoring activities generates larger positive changes in second and fifthHypothesis graders during comprehension whole-class achievement than more traditional activities.This content downloaded on Fri, 15 Feb 2013 015254 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions teacher-led practice 296 The Journal Education of Experimental is more obvious for sec 3. Improvement in reading comprehension Hypothesis ond and fifth graders functioning as tutees and tutors, respectively, in cross-age peer-tutoring activities than for their peers alter between the tutor and tutee roles in reciprocal same-age activities. Hypothesis 4.Cross-age and reciprocal same-age p eer-tutoring activities second and fifth graders self-efficacy perceptions toward reading more ditional teacher-led instructional techniques. improve than tra 5. Improvement in self-efficacy perceptions toward reading is more Hypothesis obvious for second and fifth graders functioning as tutees and tutors, respective ly, in cross-age peer-tutoring activities than for their peers alternating roles in activities. same-age reciprocal Method Design We employ a pretest, posttest, and retention test control group design.To ensure the ecological validity of the interventions, we included complete naturally com posed classes. Participating classes were assigned to one of four research condi tions. In the strategies-only condition (STRAT), the experimental intervention in cluded explicit reading strategies instruction, followed by practice in teacher-led whole-class settings. The experimental same-age (STRAT + SA) and cross-age included resembling instruction in the (STRAT + CA) peer-tutor ing conditions same cross-age dyads, or cross-age with combined strategies, In this respectively.tutoring.Finally, class-wide we respect, included practice students a control in reciprocal experienced either characterized group, or same-age same by tra activities without explicit strategies instruction ditional reading comprehension or peer tutoring. Classes were randomly assigned to the STRAT or tutoring con ditions. Within the tutoring conditions, teachers opted in promote of the STRAT + SA or STRAT + CA condition according to the readiness of a colleague to col laborate in the STRAT + CA activities.We selected control group classes to match the experimental teachersand classes. Because the classes were naturally composed and the assignment of classes to the conditions was not completely randomized, the design can be regarded as quasi-experimental. Participants In total, 444 second and 454 fifth graders from 44 classes in 25 different schools passim Flanders (Belgium) participat ed in the study. Except for some small-scale initiatives of individual schools, peer tutoring was fairly unfamiliar at the time of the study. Other cooperative or interactive techniques, such as This content downloaded on Fri, 15 Feb 2013 015254 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 297 Van Keer Verhaeghe and circle time, were ruin known and more group work, group discussion, fre used. quently Except for one inner-city school in the STRAT condition with mainly a low so status and ethnic minority population, all schools had a predomi cioeconomic Flemish population.The absolute majority of the children were from middle nantly white, class families. Except for one second-grade class including only girls, there was approximately an equal sex distribution In second- and fifth-grade classes, on = = 18.55) of the students were boys. At 16. 54) and 48% (SD average, 53% (SD the beginning of the school year, second graders were aged, on average, 7 years and 4 months, and fifth graders were aged, on average, 10 years and 5 months.The majority of the students (402 in second and 422 in fifth grade) were native speakers. Because elementary school students in Flanders are not assort by ability, classes are considered academically heterogeneous, which was con firmed by the pretest reading comprehension measures.Class size ranged from 15 to 28 students, with an average of approximately 21 (SD = 3.50) in the second grade, and from 10 to 30 students in the fifth grade, with an average of approxi = mately 22 (SD 5. 00) students per class. second gear- and fifth-grade teachers had, on Dutch average, 11 and 20 years of teaching experience, respectively. Four of 22 second grade and 5 of 22 fifth-grade teachers were men. None of the teachers had previ ous experience in explicit reading strategies instruction or peer tutoring. We selected participating teachers from a group of approximately 100 second and fifth-grade teachers who were willing to take part in a long-te rm research study.All interested teachers received a questionnaire concerning their teaching practices and opinions regarding learning and instruction.The first step in the teacher-selection we selected ative and interactive to pace according was procedure student-oriented instructional or content. who Furthermore, of the schools of matching and classes this specifically, in applying experienced cooper and able to build in differentiation we based the throughout Flanders with More questionnaire. were techniques graphical distribution teachers on based teachers regard to selection on the geo and on the possible action teachers teachingexperience, beliefs, and instructional practice class size students age gender distribution and dominating produce tongue.Table 1 shows the number of participating class es and students Measurement per condition. Instruments study, we used standardized tests to measure students reading achievement and decoding fluency. We administered question compreh ension naires with respect to reading attitude, perceived competence, and preoccupation with attributions and self-efficacy perceptions toward reading. In the present Reading tests.We comprehension using Dutch standardized measured test batteries readingcomprehension (Staphorsius Krom, This content downloaded on Fri, 15 Feb 2013 015254 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions achievement 1996 Verhoeven, 298 The Journal TABLE 1. Number of Participating Education of Experimental Classes and Students Grade Fifth Second Condition Classes STRAT + SA STRAT + CA STRAT Control 6 5 Note. cross-age 163 124 444 22 = explicit whole-class STRAT teacher-led peer-tutoring 22 101 69 177 107 454 66 8 Students 91 3 group Total Classes Students reading comprehension strategies instruction followed by practice in = activitiesSA activities CA = same-age peer-tutoringreciprocal activities. 1993), which were selected based on the tests well-established psychometric the built-in adaptation to diff erent student abilities, and the fact characteristics, that the tests address aspects of comprehension covered by the strategies part of occasion, we administered the experimental program. At each criterion with an increase level of difficulty.The questions tiple-choice tence, the referral contained pretest second-grade asking relation for between short six the meaning words, stories, of each a word, the connection followed the meaning between by of sentences, tests 5 mula sen and the theme of a text. We pertinacious the scores by the number of correct answers. The second-grade post- and retention tests consisted of four and three different stories, respectively, each followed by 4 to 10 multiple-choice questions, with a total of 25 questions per test.More specifically, questions concerning the content of a text (demanding a clear understanding of the meaning of words and sen tences, the referral relation between words, the connection between sentences, and the theme of the text) and questions concerning the communication between the author and the reader of the text (e.g. , objective of the author, intended target group, the authors attitude toward the matter raised) could be distinguished. both(prenominal) types of questions required integration of information on different textual levels (words, sentences, paragraphs, text) and were more or less equally distrib uted over the 25 questions per text. After discussing an example, students com pleted the tests individually. To examine the tests internal consistency, Cron bachs a coefficients were calculated on our own data, yielding high reliability scores of . 90 (n = 432) for the pretest, . 84 (n = All) for the posttest, and .83 (n = 385) for the retention test. In fifth grade, the tests consisted of three modules of 25 multiple-choice ques tions each. All students took the first module of the test. Depending on these first This content downloaded on Fri, 15 Feb 2013 015254 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms a nd Conditions 299 Van Keer Verhaeghe results, students further end an easier or more difficult module.Two types of questions requiring the integration of information on different textual levels could be distinguished questions concerning the content and questions concern ing the communication the authorbetween and the reader. an After stu example, dents completed the tests individually. Scores were determined by summing the correct answers. For the reading comprehension test, IRT-modeled scores were on Item reaction Theory (IRT), a common scale had been de available Based allowing us to veloped for different grades and test forms (easy-difficult), or more difficult part of the test.Because they are all on the compare the easier same scale, the IRT-modeled scores also allow for direct comparison of the re occasions. To drift the relia sults a student obtained at different cadencebility of the three modules of the pre-, post-, and retention tests, we computed Cronbachs a coeffici ents on our own data. Table 2 indicates that reliability of all measures comprehension was acceptable. test.We included second graders decoding fluency, which is a Decoding fluency combination of accuracy and decoding speed (Chard, Simmons, Kameenui, 1998), as an additional variable, because fluency can be considered a mediating factor on students reading comprehension achievement (Pressley, 2000). A stan dardized test (Brus, 1969) was administered individually toall second graders students were asked to read unrelated words with an increasing level of difficul ty during exactly 1min.The score was determined by counting the number of words read correctly. We calm fluency data in second-grade classes only be cause it is recognized that reading fluency is generally well developed at the end of the third grade (Bast Reitsma, 1998 Sticht James, 1984) and because it was too time to test eat all fifth graders as well. individually on self-efficacy perceptions and related causal attr ibutions.With Questionnairein the framework of the present study, we developed a questionnaire to measure TABLE a Coefficients 2. Cronbachs Comprehension for the Fifth-Grade Reading political campaigns Measurement occasion Posttest Pretest Test module n n an a .81 1 .76 2 3 .66 Note. At each measurement used. 468 167 271 occasion a different Retention test a .72 .76 .74 test with 442 256 175 an increasing This content downloaded on Fri, 15 Feb 2013 015254 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .76 .79 .77 41 level of difficulty 403 362 was 300.The Journal Education of Experimentalstudents preoccupation with positive or negative thoughts or related causal attri butions with regard to their reading ability. Inspired by the work of Ames (1984), we asked children to report how often such thoughts crossed their mind before, during, or after reading. Factor analysis revealed that success attributions and positive thoughts about ones own reading competence on the one exit and f ail ure attributions and negative self-efficacy perceptions on the other hand are very (1984) and closely related.This result is in line with the findings of Marsh and Debus (1984), who stated that self-attribuMarsh, Cairns, Relich, Barnes, can tions seen be as or expressions indicators ones of or self-concept self-effi we constructed two scales reflecting negative and cacy perceptions. Therefore, about ones own reading abilities.It should be positive thoughts, respectively, noted that capturing the incidence of self-efficacy-related thoughts does not give a direct measure of students self-efficacy perception but rather indicates the de a student is absent with such thoughts.In this respect, related to (meta)cognitive activity than data collected gree to which data are more means the directly of moretraditional a However, questionnaires. self-concept by inci high dence of negative self-efficacy-related thoughts can be considered an indication of a low self-efficacy perception, but such a conclusion cannot be drawn from a low incidence of positive self-efficacy-related thoughts.The latter suggests only that the student is not preoccupied with thoughts about reading proficiency or success. We administered read graders and completed at each the questionnaire the questionnaire measurement occasion. In individually. second Fifth all grade, items were read out loud to and judged individually by the students.As can be seen in Table 3, reliability was high for the negative subscale, but it was somewhat lower for the positive subscale. To investigate the validity of the both questionnaire, TABLE scales were correlated a Coefficients 3. Cronbachs Preoccupation With Attributions with for the scholastic the Questionnaire Measurement 2nd grade Success Concerning occasion attributions negative 2nd grade 5th grade and self-efficacy perceptions Failure Posttest 5th grade anananan scale attributions positive sub and Self-Efficacy Perceptions Pretest Questionnaire competence . 63 419 .69 441 .75 402 .71426 367 .83 408 .84 368 .81 393 and self-efficacy perceptions .77 This content downloaded on Fri, 15 Feb 2013 015254 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 301 Van Keer Verhaeghe scale of a Dutch pen for Children (Harter, version of the Self-Perception 1985).These analyses revealed that both positive and negative self-efficacy per ceptions were significantly (p 0. 01) correlated with the scholastic self-concept subscale with r = -. 40 (pretest) and r = -. 37 (posttest) for the negative self-effi = . 22 = . 19 cacy subscale and r (posttest) for the positive self-ef(pretest) and r subscale. ficacy scale.Although we mainly focused on students self-effi cacy perceptions directly related to reading activities, we administered an exist (Veerman, Straathof, Treffers, Van den Bergh, ing self-concept questionnaire ten Brink, 1997), which is a Dutch version of the Self-Perception Profile for Children (Harter, 1985).Because the questionnaire was not appr opriate for sec Perceived competence ond graders, we used the instrument with the fifth-grade group only. To verify the reliability of the different scales, we computed Cronbachs a coefficients.As can be seen in Table 4, the reliability of the measures was acceptable. As to the ques tionnaires validity, Veerman and colleagues investigations into the validity of self-report reported that, compared with other scales, the validity can be judged as moderate. Reading attitude scale. Both second and fifth graders completed a Dutch Read ing Attitude Scale (Aarnoutse, 1996) at the pre- and posttest. Fifth graders read and completed the questionnaire individually.